Mun san cewa fasaha na ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle da iyakoki. A duniyar ilmin halitta da kwayoyin halitta ma haka ne. A wannan yanayin, mutane da yawa ba su sani ba menene CRISPR ko menene don me. Dabarar gyara kwayoyin halitta ce, a takaice, ita ce ke da alhakin yankewa da lika kwayoyin halittar mutane. An gano shi ɗan lokaci kaɗan da ya gabata kuma yana ɗaukar 'ya'yansa na farko a cikin magani da filastik na cututtuka da cututtuka daban-daban.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku menene CRISPR, menene halayensa da kuma dalilin da yasa ake amfani da wannan nau'in fasaha a fannin ilimin halitta da ilmin halitta.
Menene CRISPR
CRISPR gajarta ce don Taguwar Tattaunawa akai-akai Tsakanin Takaitaccen Maimaituwar Palindromic. Wannan wata hanya ce da kwayoyin cuta ke amfani da su don kare kansu daga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran abubuwan halitta na wayar hannu waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin mamaye ƙwayoyin su.
Yadda CRISPR ke aiki yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Na farko, kwayoyin cuta sun haɗa gutsuttsuran DNA na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin DNA nasu, a matsayin nau'in "ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafi". Ana kiran waɗannan guntuwar sarari. Bayan haka, lokacin da kwayar cutar ta yi ƙoƙari ta harba kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin cutar suna samar da jagorar RNA da ke daura da wani hadadden sunadaran da ake kira Cas, wanda ke yanke kuma ya lalata DNA na kwayar cutar. An halicci jagorar RNA daga bayanan da ke cikin sararin samaniya, yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta su "tuna" ƙwayoyin cuta da ta ci karo da su a baya.
An yi amfani da wannan nau'i na kariyar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don haɓaka ainihin kayan aikin gyara kwayoyin halitta. Mafi mashahuri fasaha shine CRISPR-Cas9, wanda ke amfani da ingantaccen sigar furotin Cas9 don yanke DNA a takamaiman wuri. Ana iya yin canje-canje ga DNA, kamar ƙara ko share kwayoyin halitta ko gyara maye gurbi.
Amfanin fasahar CRISPR
Babban fa'idar fasahar CRISPR shine madaidaicin sa. Ana iya tsara jagorar RNA don ɗaure zuwa takamaiman jerin DNA, ma'ana ana yin gyara kawai a wurin da ake so. Bugu da ƙari, dabarar tana da sauri da arha fiye da dabarun gyaran kwayoyin halitta na baya.
Kodayake fasahar CRISPR tana da ban sha'awa sosai, tana kuma tayar da tambayoyin ɗa'a da aminci. Za a iya amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta don warkar da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, amma Hakanan za'a iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar jarirai "na al'ada". ko kuma a yi canje-canje a cikin layin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake yadawa ga al'ummomi masu zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, kurakurai a cikin gyara na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar ciwon daji ko wasu cututtuka. Mutane da yawa suna tattauna shi fiye da "wasa Allah."
gyaran kwayoyin halitta
A cikin yanayi, kwayoyin halitta suna da bayanan kwayoyin halitta wanda ke sarrafa girma. Gyaran Halittu rukuni ne na dabaru waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don canza DNA na halitta don dalilai daban-daban. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gyare-gyare ba daidai yake da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ba. Da farko, ba a amfani da DNA daga wasu nau'in, kamar yadda a cikin gyare-gyare.
Biogenetics, wanda kuma aka sani da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, horo ne da ya haɗu da ilimin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Aikace-aikacen sa yana cikin fannin fasahar kere-kere. Gyara Generation tsari ne wanda ake gano guntun DNA da kake son yin aiki da shi, cire kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon sashi. Hakanan yana iya faruwa cewa da zarar an fitar da gutsuttsura masu cin karo da juna, injinan salula ya ɗauki iko kuma ya gyara tsarin da kansa. Yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin, masana kimiyya na iya ƙarawa, cirewa, ko canza DNA kamar yadda ake buƙata don cimma burin da ake so.
Don haka, CRISPR wata sabuwar fasaha ce ta gyara kwayoyin halitta wacce ta dogara da iyawar sunadaran Cas don raba DNA a gaban RNA mai dacewa da ya dace. Tunda ana iya haɗa RNA a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, yuwuwar gyarawa kusan basu da iyaka.
Babban amfani
Ana amfani da fasahar CRISPR don gabatar da canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta tare da madaidaicin madaidaici. A cikin babban aikace-aikacen sa muna da kamar haka:
- aikace-aikacen likita, a matsayin gwaji don kawar da kwayar cutar HIV, ko magance cututtuka irin su Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cutar Huntington, Autism, progeria, cystic fibrosis, sau uku korau ciwon daji ko Angelman ciwo. Bincike kuma yana ƙoƙarin tantance ko za'a iya amfani da shi azaman gwajin gano cutar
- Yaki da cututtukan da kwari ke yadawakamar zazzabin cizon sauro, zika, dengue, chikungunya ko zazzabin rawaya.
- Kimiyyar halittun ganyayyaki. Ana iya amfani da fasahar CRISPR don samar da nau'ikan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka fi dacewa da muhalli, jure fari ko kwari. Ana iya gyaggyara kaddarorin Organoleptic, gami da kaddarorin physicochemical, don sanya su mafi dacewa da amfanin ɗan adam.
A cikin fasahar dabba, ana iya amfani da ita don gabatar da gyare-gyaren nau'in nau'in, misali don ƙirƙirar garken garken da ke da tsayayya da cututtuka na yau da kullum. A halin yanzu, babu fasahohin CRISPR da aka amince da su don magance cututtukan da kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya ke haifarwa waɗanda za a iya warkar da su ta hanyar wannan gyarar kwayoyin halitta. Saboda wannan dalili, aikace-aikacen likitanci sun fi ka'ida fiye da yanki mai amfani kuma a halin yanzu suna da tushen gwaji.
CRISPR da bioethics
Fasahar CRISPR don gyaran kwayoyin halitta tana gabatar da ƙalubale da yawa da suka shafi ilimin halittu. Yayin da manyan aikace-aikacen ke da inganci, Ana iya shawo kan wasu matsaloli wajen samar da wannan fasaha mai tsada ga kowa.
Dangane da aikace-aikacen gyaran kwayoyin halitta a masana'antu na farko, noma da kiwo, suna da inganci muddin ana son su kasance masu amfani ga ɗan adam. Tabbas, wajibi ne a bincika kowane lamari daban. Misali, sarrafa nau'ikan tsire-tsire don sanya su jure wa kwari yana da matukar amfani ga ɗan adam.
A gefe guda, idan muka yi la'akari da shisshigi a cikin yanayin halittu, dole ne mu kasance da hankali, tunda duk wani canjin da ba zato ba tsammani zai iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ko waɗanda ba za a iya sarrafa su ba.
Dangane da aikace-aikacen likitanci, amfani da fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta a cikin mutane yana buƙatar babban garantin tsaro, kuma ana iya amfani da shi ne kawai ga cututtukan da a halin yanzu babu ingantaccen magani, ko kuma ga cututtukan da ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci a halin yanzu. A ƙarshe, gyaran kwayoyin halittar amfrayo ba a barata ta fuskar kimiyya ko ɗabi'a ba.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene CRISPR da halayensa.