Girman duniya

Duniyar mu ta duniya masana kimiyya sun yi nazari da bincike a cikin tarihi. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali game da duniya shine duniya taro. Tunda abu ne da ba za a iya auna shi kai tsaye ba, hanyoyin auna kaikaice daban-daban wajibi ne.

Saboda haka, za mu keɓe wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da girman duniya, yadda suka sami damar ƙididdige ta da kuma irin halayenta.

Duniyar Duniya da halayenta

Ita ce duniya ta uku na tsarin hasken rana, wanda ya fara daga rana, tsakanin Venus da Mars. Bisa ga iliminmu na yanzu, ita ce kaɗai a cikin tsarin hasken rana wanda ke ɗaukar rayuwa. Sunan sa ya fito daga Latin Terra, allahn Roman, tsohuwar Girkanci daidai da Gaia, mai alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa. Sau da yawa ana kiranta Tellus mater ko Terra mater (Uwar Duniya) saboda duk wani abu mai rai yana fitowa daga cikinta.

Tun zamanin d ¯ a, ’yan Adam sun yi mafarkin gano iyakokin duniya da bincika kowane sasanninta na duniya. Al'adu na d ¯ a sun yi imanin cewa ba shi da iyaka, ko kuma zai iya kawo karshen fadowa cikin rami. Har a yau, akwai mutanen da suka dage cewa ƙasa tana da lebur, cewa tana da rami da sauran ka'idojin makirci.

Duk da haka, Godiya ga kimiyya da fasaha, yanzu muna da kyawawan hotuna na duniyarmu. Mun kuma san yadda yadudduka ke cikinta da abin da ke can kafin mutane su bayyana a samansa.

Asali da samuwar

Duniya ta samu kimanin shekaru biliyan 4550 da suka wuce. daga kayan da suka hada da sauran tsarin hasken rana, da farko a matsayin girgije mai haske na gas da ƙurar sararin samaniya. Duniyar ta dauki shekaru miliyan 10 zuwa 20 tana samuwa, inda giza-gizan iskar gas ke ta taruwa a kusa da ita yayin da samanta ya yi sanyi ya kuma samar da yanayin yau.

Daga ƙarshe, ta hanyar aikin girgizar ƙasa mai tsawo, maiyuwa saboda ci gaba da tasirin meteors, duniya tana da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin jiki waɗanda suka dace don bayyanar ruwan ruwa.

Godiya ga wannan, zagayowar ruwa zai iya farawa, yana taimakawa duniyar ta yi sanyi da sauri zuwa matakin da rayuwa zata iya farawa. A tsawon lokaci, yawan ruwan ruwa a saman yana sa duniyarmu ta zama shuɗi idan aka duba ta daga sararin samaniya.

Girman duniya

Duniya ita ce ta biyar mafi girma a duniya a tsarin hasken rana kuma ita kadai ce mai iya tallafawa rayuwa. Yana da siffa mai siffa tare da sandunan da ba a kwance ba da diamita na kilomita 12.756 a tsayin da'irar (radius 6.378,1 km a equator). Yi girman 5,9736 x 10²⁴ kg da yawa na 5,515 g/cm3, mafi girma a cikin tsarin hasken rana. Hakanan yana da haɓakar haɓakar gravitational 9,780327 m/s2.

Kamar sauran taurarin da ke ciki kamar Mars da Mercury, Duniya duniyar dutse ce mai kauri mai kauri da ruwa mai ruwa (saboda zafi da matsewar karfinsa), sabanin sauran duniyoyin gas kamar Venus ko Jupiter. . An raba samansa zuwa yanayin gaseous, ruwa hydrosphere da m geosphere.

Ta yaya aka lissafta girman duniya?

Babu shakka, ba a yin hakan ta hanyar sanya duniya cikin ma'auni. Akalla ba akan ma'auni na gaske ba. An yi amfani da sikelin sararin samaniya Ma'aunin Cavendish. Wannan shine sunan ƙarshe na masanin kimiyya wanda ya fara auna girman duniya daidai.

Ya yi hakan a shekara ta 1798, kuma bayan shekaru 113, babban Isaac Newton (1643-1727) ya tsara dokarsa ta “Law of Universal Gravitation” (LGU) a shekara ta 1685. Bayan shekaru 189, Galileo mai girma ya nuna na’urar hangen nesansa zuwa sararin sama. Ya yi hakan a shekara ta 1609. Abin mamaki, Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) ya ƙaddara yawan duniyarmu ba tare da barin gidansa ba.

Hasali ma da kyar ya fitar da ita daga cikin daji. Gabashin Cavendish ya kasance mutum ne mai raɗaɗi, ɓacin rai kuma mai banƙyama, amma babba. A ka'idar, ya fara da Newton's LGU, wanda ya gaya mana cewa "kowane jikin biyu, wanda aka yi la'akari da yawan jama'a, yana sha'awar juna ta hanyar karfi wanda ya dogara kai tsaye a kan talakawan su wanda ya ninka ta wani ƙimar da ba a sani ba, wanda aka sani a yau a matsayin ma'auni na nauyi. . Wannan akai-akai ya yi daidai da murabba'in nisan Newton da ke tsakaninsu."

A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, ya yi amfani da saitin da abokinsa John Michell ya tsara a wani ɓangare. hazikin malami kuma hazikin masanin ilmin kasa, ya rasu kafin ya yi wani gwaji domin sanin girman duniya. Daga mahangar yanayin ƙasa, wannan shine tsari mafi ban sha'awa na girma.  A lokacin ne Cavendish ya sayi kayan aikinsa ya sanya su a daya daga cikin gidajensa na Landan.

Sikeli da ma'auni

Na'urar ta ƙunshi kwallayen gubar guda biyu, 30 cm a diamita, an dakatar da shi daga firam ɗin ƙarfe, da ƙananan kwallaye biyu na 5 cm a diamita, an dakatar da shi kusa da ƙwallon farko kuma an haɗa su da juna ta hanyar wayoyi masu kyau na tagulla.

Ainihin, an tsara ma'auni na torsion don auna motsin jujjuyawar da aka haifar a cikin wayoyi ta hanyar jan hankali a kan ƙwanƙwasa wanda ke kiyaye su yayin da manyan ƙwalla ke motsawa akan ƙananan ƙwallo.

Matsalar ita ce nauyi yana da ƙanƙanta ta yadda duk wani abin da ba a zata ba zai iya karkatar da sakamakon. Shi ya sa Cavendish ke tafiyar da shi daga nesa. Don kada kusancin masu binciken ba zai tsoma baki wajen daidaita kayan aikin ba, ya yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa da ya sanya a wajen dakin. Ya yi amfani da shi don karanta ma'auni daidai, wanda wani ɗan ƙaramin haske ya haskaka daga wajen ɗakin.

Muna magana ne game da hankali na tsari na 0,025cm, wanda ba shi da kyau ko kaɗan. Gwaji mai dabara sosai. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, ƙaramin ƙwallon ya fara juyi, ƙwallon da ya fi jan hankali. Bayan wasu ƙididdiga, Cavendish ya sami damar gano ƙimar daɗaɗɗen nauyi daga talakawansu da motsin su. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko, wanda ke biye da shi ta hanyar tantance matsakaicin girman duniya sannan kuma tantance yawan duniya, don ƙididdige ma'aunin nauyi na G.

Godiya ga ƙaddarar G, yana yiwuwa a ƙididdige yawan adadin duniya. Sanin diamita, ƙarfin jan hankali na duniya, da G-darajar mafi kusa, Cavendish ya yi waɗannan lambobi. Sakamakon yana da ban mamaki.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da girman duniya da halayenta.