Dukkanmu mun saba da bin kalanda na rana amma da yawa ba su san daga ina ya fito ko ma’anarsa ba. Bugu da ƙari kasancewar kalandar da za mu iya samun nau'o'i daban-daban a cikinta, a bayyane yake cewa ya bambanta da kalandar wata. Yana da wasu halaye na musamman kuma sun cancanci ambaton su anan.
Don haka, za mu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku menene kalandar rana, menene asalinta da duk manyan halayenta.
Menene kalandar rana
Kalandar rana ita ce kalandar da ke tafiyar da rayuwarmu. Tsari ne na ƙawancen soyayya wanda ya danganci shekara ta yanayi mai kusan kwanaki 365 1/4, wanda shine lokacin da ƙasa ke ɗauka don kewaya rana.
Masarawa sun zama kamar su ne farkon waɗanda suka haɓaka kalandar rana. Sake bayyanar da kare-Sirius (Sothis) a sararin sama na gabas ya kasance ƙayyadaddun wuri a kowace shekara, daidai da ambaliyar kogin Nilu kowace shekara, sun yi kalandar kwanaki 365. Ya ƙunshi watanni 12, kwanaki 30 a kowane wata, da kuma ƙara kwanaki 5 zuwa ƙarshen shekara, wanda ya sa kalandar sa ta ɓace a hankali.
Ptolemy III Euergetes na Masar ya ƙara kwana ɗaya zuwa ainihin kalandar kwanaki 365 kowace shekara hudu a cikin dokar Canopus (237 BC) (an kuma gabatar da wannan aikin a cikin kalandar Seleucid da aka karɓa a cikin 312 BC).
A cikin Jamhuriyar Roman, Sarkin Kaisar a cikin 45 BC. Maye gurbin kalandar Roman jamhuriya mai cike da rudani da kalandar Julian, wanda maiyuwa ya dogara da kalandar wata ta Girka. Kalandar Julian ta sanya kwanaki 30 ko kwanaki 31 zuwa watanni 11 zuwa Fabrairu; ana barin shekarar tsalle duk bayan shekaru hudu. Duk da haka, daga baya, kalandar Julian ya sanya shekarar rana ta yi tsayi sosai ta hanyar ƙara kwata na yini zuwa shekara; Shekarar hasken rana a zahiri kwanaki 365.2422.
A tsakiyar karni na 10, karin lokaci ya haifar da kurakurai na kusan kwanaki 1582. Don gyara wannan kuskure, Paparoma Gregory XIII ya tsara kalandar Gregorian a shekara ta 5, daga ranar 14 zuwa 400 ga Oktoba na wannan shekara, kuma ya bar shekarun tsalle saboda suna cikin shekaru dari da 1700 ba za a iya raba su ba, misali, 1800, 1900 da XNUMX. Daga dukkan bayanan, mun ga cewa nau'ikan kalanda iri-iri na hasken rana sun bayyana, kuma suna da alamar wuri. Kalandanmu na Gregorian na yanzu shine kalandar Gregorian, amma ba zai yi zafi ba idan mun san menene sauran kalandar Gregorian.
Nau'in kalanda na rana
Kalanda masu zafi na hasken rana
Kalandar rana ta wurare masu zafi kalandar kalandar ce ta mamaye shekaru masu zafi, kuma tsawon lokacin yana kusan kwanaki 365, sa'o'i 5, mintuna 48, da sakan 45 (kwanaki 365,24219). Shekarar wurare masu zafi na iya zama daga bazara ko kaka equinox zuwa na gaba, ko daga lokacin rani ko damina zuwa na gaba.
Kodayake kalandar Gregorian ta yau tana da kwanaki 365 a cikin shekara ta al'ada, muna ƙara ranar tsalle kusan kowace shekara huɗu don tafiya daidai da shekarar zafi. Ba tare da daidai adadin shekarun tsalle ba, kalandar mu za ta fita aiki cikin sauri. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin kalandar Julian tare da shekarun tsalle da yawa. Daga ƙarshe, an maye gurbinsa da kalandar Gregorian.
Wadannan su ne kalanda masu zafi na hasken rana:
- Kalandar Gregorian
- Kalanda Julian
- Kalandar Bahaushe
- Kalandar Hindu
- Kalanda na 'yan Koftik
- Kalandar Iran (Kalandar Jal_li)
- Tamil kalanda
- Kalanda hasken rana na Thai
Kowace waɗannan kalandar tana da shekara ta kwanaki 365 kuma wani lokaci ana faɗaɗa ta ta ƙara ƙarin rana don samar da shekarar tsalle. Ana kiran wannan hanyar "tattaunawa", inda kwanakin da aka saka "sukayi". Har ila yau, akwai kalandar Zoroastrian, wanda Kalandar addini ce ga masu bautar Zoroaster kuma kusanta ce ta kalanda masu zafi na hasken rana.
Sidereal hasken rana kalanda
Kalandar Bengali ita ce mafi kyawun misalin kalandar taurari. Wannan yawanci kwanaki 365 ne, da rana ɗaya don yin shekara ta tsalle. An gano watanni 12 na hasken rana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yanayi shida (watanni biyu a kowace kakar). Kowane wata yana wakiltar takamaiman ƙungiyar taurari.
Irin wannan kalandar Ana amfani da su don duba kuma suna da ma'ana masu mahimmanci a cikin addinai daban-daban. Wannan kalanda kuma na iya amfani da watan wata. Don haka, kalandar Bengali kuma ana kiranta kalanda na lunar-solar.
Wadannan su ne kalandar hasken rana:
- Kalandar Bengali
- Kalanda na Sanskrit
- Kalanda na Malaysia
Bambance-bambance daga kalanda na Lunar
Mun ga yadda kalandar rana ta ginu bisa motsin rana kuma ya fi sanin mutane. Amma ba shine kalandar kaɗai ba, kodayake dole ne mu yi magana game da kalandar Lunar, wanda ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na wata. Ta wannan hanyar, kalandar rana ta bambanta sosai da kalandar wata, wanda ke amfani da wata don lissafin watanni. Ko da yake kalandar biyu suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don auna watanni, duka biyun suna iya taimaka mana daidai lokacin da kuma sarrafa rayuwarmu.
A daya bangaren kuma, mafi bayyanan bambanci tsakanin kalandar wata da kalandar rana, su ne halittun sama da ake amfani da su wajen auna tafiyar lokaci. Kalandar wata tana amfani da matakin wata don auna lokaci. Gabaɗaya, wata shine lokacin tsakanin sabon wata da sabon wata. Lokacin da ake buƙatar duniya ta kewaya rana shine shekara ɗaya ta hasken rana.
Kalandar rana yawanci tana auna lokacin tsakanin vernal equinoxes. Domin yakan dauki wata yana jujjuya duniya lokaci guda, wata yana nuna fuska iri daya ga kasa. Shi ya sa ba a taba ganin sauran iyakarta ba. Sabbin wata na fitowa kowane kwanaki 29,5. Masana ilmin taurari suna kiran lokaci tsakanin sabon wata da wata na synodic.
Duk kalandar wata da mutane ke ƙirƙira sun dogara ne akan watanni na synodic, ba watannin da za mu iya samu a kalandar rana ba. Hasali ma, kalandar rana an kafa ta ne a matsayin wata da muke amfani da ita akai-akai, sabanin kalandar wata, wanda An fi amfani dashi don amfanin gona da abubuwan da ba a sani ba.
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin kalanda na wata da na rana. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da kalandar hasken rana, halayenta da asalinta.