Fuskantar da mutanen tarihi waɗanda suka sanya alama a gaba da bayan a kimiya muna samu Alan Turing. Shi masanin lissafi ne na Biritaniya, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masanin falsafa ko masanin ilmin lissafi, marathoner, mai ba da shawara da tsere mai nisa wanda ya ɓace ko ya sami ci gaba da yawa a fannin kimiyya a lokacinsa. An haifeshi a shekara ta 1912 kuma ya mutu a 1954. An dauke shi daya daga cikin Iyayen kimiyyar komputa kuma jigo a harkar kimiyyar zamani. Godiya ga gudummawar su, yana yiwuwa ya rinjayi kirkirar tsari daban-daban algorithm da ƙididdigar lissafi, wanda daga cikin su muke samun na'urar Turing.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk tarihin rayuwar da ayyukan Alan Turing.
Tarihin rayuwar Alan Turing
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, a zamanin da akwai bayanai da yawa game da fanni, ta yadda mutum zai kware a bangarori daban-daban na ilimin kimiyya. A wannan halin, mun ga cewa wannan masanin kimiyya ya sadaukar da kansa ga rassa masu yawa na kimiyya, don haka zai iya ba da gudummawa ta fuskoki daban-daban. An umarci Alan Turing ya jagoranci mishan zuwa iya fahimtar sakonnin Nazi wanda aka ɓoye a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tun yana ƙarami, ya ba da babbar amsa ga matsaloli daban-daban a cikin lissafi kuma an karɓe shi a matsayin ɗalibi a Kwalejin King a Jami'ar Cambridge, ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin kimiyya a duniya.
A cikin wannan kwalejin ya ji daɗi sosai kuma ya san kansa da wasu mutane kamar ɗan luwaɗi. A wannan lokacin wannan ya saba wa doka a Biritaniya, don haka ba mutane da yawa za su iya sani game da shi. A lokacin da yake karatun jami'a, da farko, ni da dalibi muna yinsa a matsayin malami, ya danganta da sauran masana kimiyya na lokacinsa.
A cikin 1936 ya buga wata kasida wacce ta zama asalin lissafin ka'idoji. A ya ayyana abin da ake lissafa da abin da ba a lissaftawa. Wannan yana nufin, theididdigar shine duk abin da za'a iya warware shi ta hanyar algorithm. An fassara algorithm azaman saitattun umarnin wanda, ta hanyoyi daban-daban a jere, yana haifar da magance matsalar. Sauran waɗanda basu haɗu da wannan ma'anar ba ayyuka ne ba na lissafi. Ya iya nuna cewa akwai matsalolin da basu da mafita, ma'ana, basu da maganin algorithmic.
Don ba da ra'ayi ga duk wannan, kuma ya ba da sanannen inji wanda ke ɗaukar sunan kansa. Abun kirkirarren abu ne wanda zai iya aiwatar da duk wani aikin lissafi wanda za'a iya magance shi ta hanyar algorithm. Idan har za'a iya tsara shi da canza shi, zai zama kwamfuta. Koyaya, Alan Turing bai taba yin wannan aikin ba, rashin iya dogaro da hanyoyin fasaha da ake bukata.
Ci gaban kimiyya
Wani irin rawar da Alan Turing yayi shine hango hasashen gazawar da a yau ke shafar kwamfutocin mu. Kafin wanzuwar kwamfutoci, wannan masanin bawai kawai yayi bayani akan tsarin aikinsu ba, amma kuma Har ila yau, annabta kasawa nan gaba. Wannan shine yadda, yayin kirkirar injinsa, ya bayyana matsalar tsayawa, don tabbatar da cewa babu wani algorithm da zai iya gano ko aiki zai ƙare fara ko a'a.
Godiya ga waɗannan ra'ayoyin, ya sami damar yin hasashen cewa kwamfutoci zasu bushe kuma sun bambanta a nan gaba. Wannan shine, lokacin da kwamfutar ta fada cikin madauki mara iyaka, dole ne mu daidaita don sake farawa ta don magance matsalar. Kuma ana ɗauka cewa akwai matsalolin da ba za a iya lissafin su ba, pko don haka babu wani algorithm da zai iya ba da mafita gare shi.
Lambobin karya Alan Turing
Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kira Alan Turing a cikin 1938 don ya jagoranci wata tawaga a cibiyar rubutun kasarsa. Yana da alhakin Ina da babban aikin Camón don gano saƙonni daga injunan Enigma. Waɗannan injunan sun kasance masu kula da iya aika umarnin lamba zuwa ga jiragen ruwan Nazi da ke aiki a cikin Tekun Atlantika.
Gudummawar ƙungiyar da ta jagoranci Turing yana da mahimmanci don samun damar yakin don taimakon ƙawancen. Kuma shine zasu iya cimma shi ta hanyar wayon su da ƙirar injunan Bombe na farko. Waɗannan su ne kayan aikin lantarki waɗanda aka keɓance don iya karya lambobin Enigma.
Bayan duk wannan rikice-rikicen, hakikanin sake ginin wata na'ura wacce take da kwatankwacin kwakwalwar mutum. Wannan game da aikin da aka sani da inji tare da kwakwalwa. Yana neman gina kwamfutar dijital ta lantarki don iya warware fiye da manufa ɗaya kuma don iya adana wani shiri a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarta. Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da Alan Turing ya fuskanta a rayuwarsa shine sun bashi magani dan "maganin" luwadi nasa. Wani alkali ne ya sanya wannan maganin kuma ya shafi lafiyarsa sosai.
A shekarar 1947 ya sami damar kirkirar wata sabuwar kwamfutar wacce ta dogara da kwamfutar da ke iya adana wani shiri a cikin babban mahimmin ajiyarta, amma tana da karfin da ya fi na baya na'urar.
Ƙarfin artificial
A wancan lokacin, Alan yana da matukar sha'awar ilimin kere kere. Wannan yana nufin, Yadda yake kwaikwayon ayyukan kwakwalwar ɗan adam ya burge shi. Kyakkyawar gudummawar da ya bayar a wannan fagen ya sake kasancewa ta fannin ka'idoji. A cikin karatunsu sun kafa tushe daban-daban na fasahar kere kere kuma suka gabatar da wani nau'in gwaji don tantance ko inji na da hankali ko a'a.
Bayan wani abin da ya faru tare da masoyin sa, an kama Alan Turing saboda luwadi kuma an yanke masa hukunci, kodayake wani alkali ya ba shi damar yin gwaji a madadin musayar maganin hormone don samun damar warkar da kansa. Duk wannan ya faru a cikin 1952. Wannan maganin ya shafi yanayin lafiyarsa sosai kuma ya bar shi ya shiga cikin damuwa wanda ake zaton ya kai shi ga kashe kansa. Kamar yadda kake gani, datti na da bai kasance kamar yadda yake yanzu ba kuma wannan masanin zai iya ba da gudummawa sosai don karɓar liwadi.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da Alan Turing da ci gaban sa a fannin kimiyya.