Yanayin Antarctic

Antarctica ita ce nahiya ta hudu mafi girma a duniya da kuma kudu maso kudu (kudanci). A haƙiƙa, cibiyar yankinta tana kan iyakar Kudancin Duniya. Yankinta kusan kusan (98%) ya rufe da ƙanƙara har zuwa 1,9 km lokacin farin ciki. The Yanayin Antarctica An yi nazari dalla-dalla don fahimtar duk abin da aka samo a cikin wannan yanayin.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da yanayin Antarctica, juyin halitta da mahimmancinsa ga duniya.

nahiyar daskararre

Tun da muna magana ne game da wuri mafi sanyi, bushewa da iska a duniya, rayuwa ta yau da kullun a Antarctica kusan ba ta yiwuwa, don haka. ba shi da yawan jama'a. Mabambantan ayyukan lura na kimiyya ne kawai ke cika ta (kimanin mutane 1.000 zuwa 5.000 a duk shekara) tare da sansanonin da ke cikin iyakokinta, gabaɗaya a kan Plateau Antarctic.

Bugu da kari, ita ce nahiyar da aka gano kwanan nan. Matukin jirgin ruwa na Sipaniya Gabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) ya fara ganinsa a lokacin rani na kudancin 1603. Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1895, lokacin da jirgin ruwan Norway na farko ya sauka a bakin teku a XNUMX.

A daya bangaren kuma, sunanta ya fito ne daga zamanin gargajiya: Masanin Falsafa na Girka Aristotle (384-322 BC) ya fara amfani da shi a kusan 350 BC. A cikin nazarin yanayin yanayi, ya sanya wa waɗannan yankuna suna "suna fuskantar arewa" (saboda haka sunansa daga Girkanci antarktikós, "suna fuskantar Pole Arewa").

Halayen Antarctica

Antarctica yana da halaye masu zuwa:

• Fannin nahiyar ya fi Oceania ko Turai girma, kuma ita ce nahiya ta hudu mafi girma a duniya, mai fadin fadin kilomita murabba'i miliyan 14, wanda fadinsa murabba'in kilomita 280.000 ne kawai ba ya da kankara a lokacin rani da kuma kilomita 17.968 a gabar teku.
• Babban rukuni na tsibiran yanki ne na yankinsa, mafi girma shine Alexander I (49.070 km²), Tsibirin Berkner (43.873 km²), Thurston Island (15.700 km²) da Cany Island (8.500 km²). Antarctica ba ta da yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar, babu jaha, kuma ba ta da rarrabuwar ƙasa, ko da yake ƙasashe bakwai daban-daban ne ke da'awar: New Zealand, Australia, Faransa, Norway, Burtaniya, Argentina, da Chile.
• Ƙasar Antarctic tana ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Antarctic, wanda ke aiki tun 1961, wanda ya haramta duk wani nau'i na kasancewar soja, hakar ma'adinai, bam atom da zubar da kayan aikin rediyo, da kuma sauran goyon baya ga bincike na kimiyya da kariyar ecoregion.
• Yana da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi da yawa irin su Onyx (tsawon kilomita 32) ko tafkin Vostok (14.000 km2 na saman). Bugu da kari, yankin ya ƙunshi kashi 90% na ƙanƙara na duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 70% na ruwan da ake samu a duniya.
• Antarctica ita ce yankin kudu mafi tsayi a duniya, a cikin yankin Kudu Pole da Antarctic Circle, a ƙasan Antarctic Convergence Zone, wato, ƙasa da latitudes 55° da 58° Kudu. Yana kewaye da tekun Antarctic da Indiya kusa da tekun Pasifik da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, kuma tana da tazarar kilomita 1.000 kacal daga kudancin kudancin Amurka (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Yanayin Antarctic

Antarctica tana da yanayi mafi sanyi a duk nahiyoyi. Mafi ƙarancin zafinsa na kowane lokaci kuma shine mafi ƙarancin da aka rubuta a duk duniya (-89,2 ° C), kuma yankunan gabashinsa sun fi yankunan yamma sanyi sosai saboda suna da girma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a cikin hunturu da cikin nahiya yawanci a kusa da -80 ° C, yayin da yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a lokacin rani da yankunan bakin teku yana kusa da 0 ° C.

Bugu da kari, shi ne wuri mafi bushewa a duniya kuma ruwan ruwa ya yi karanci. Wuraren da ke cikinta ba su da iska mai ɗanɗano kuma bushewa ne kamar daskararren hamada, yayin da yankunan bakin tekun ke da wadataccen iska mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ba da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara.

Tarihin yanayin kasa na Antarctica ya fara kimanin shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata tare da wargajewar babbar nahiyar Gondwana a hankali. Don wasu matakai na farkon rayuwarsa, ta sami wurin da ya fi arewa da yanayi na wurare masu zafi ko yanayin zafi kafin lokacin kankara na Pleistocene ya rufe nahiyar ya shafe flora da fauna.

Yankin yammacin nahiyar yana kama da tsaunin Andes a fannin ilimin kasa, amma yana yiwuwa akwai wasu rayuwa a cikin ƙananan yankunan bakin teku. Sabanin haka, yankin gabas ya fi girma kuma yana da tudun ruwa a yankinsa na tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da Antarctic Plateau ko Geographic South Pole.

wannan hawan ya kai fiye da kilomita 1.000 zuwa gabas, tare da matsakaicin tsayin mita 3.000. Mafi girman wurinsa shine Dome A, mita 4093 sama da matakin teku.

Namun daji Antarctic

Dabbobin namun daji na Antarctica ba su da yawa, musamman game da kashin bayan ƙasa, waɗanda suka fi son tsibiran da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin yanayi. Invertebrates kamar tardigrades, lice, nematodes, krill da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ana samun tushen tushen rayuwa a yankin a cikin ƙananan kwance da yankunan bakin teku, ciki har da rayuwar ruwa: blue whales, killer whales, squid ko pinnipeds (kamar hatimi ko zakin teku). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan penguin da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai sarki penguin, sarki penguin da rockhopper penguin.

Yawancin masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic suna da tushen binciken kimiyya a nahiyar. Wasu na dindindin, tare da ma'aikata masu juyawa, wasu kuma na yanayi ne ko lokacin rani, lokacin da yanayin zafi da yanayi ba su da ƙarfi. Yawan sansanonin na iya bambanta daga shekara guda zuwa wata, samun damar isa ga sansanonin 40 daga kasashe 20 daban-daban. (2014).

Yawancin sansanonin rani na Jamus, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Koriya ta Kudu, Amurka, Faransa, Indiya, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Rasha, Poland, Afirka ta Kudu, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Tushen hunturu na Jamus, Argentina da Chile sun kasance a Antarctica a lokacin tsananin hunturu.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da yanayin Antarctica da halayensa.