El Dutsen al'amari Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Switzerland da Italiya. Tana saman birnin Zermatt a yankin Valais a arewa maso gabas da Breuil-Cervinia a kwarin Aosta a kudu. Tsayinsa ya kai mita 4.478, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin tuddai mafi tsayi a cikin tsaunukan Alps. Wataƙila shi ne dutsen da ya fi shahara a tsaunin Alps, kuma an yi kwafin siffar pyramidal mai girma sau da yawa.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk halaye, ilimin ƙasa, samuwar da ƙari game da Dutsen Cervino.
Babban fasali
Siffar musamman ta Matterhorn tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsaunuka a duniya. Wannan tsayin da ke cikin Alps ya bambanta ta yanki da harshe: Matterhorn a cikin Jamusanci da Monte Cervino a cikin Italiyanci da Mutanen Espanya, ga wasu kadan. Da alama sunan yana nufin "dutse a cikin makiyaya" a cikin Jamusanci.
Alamar tsaunukan tsaunuka, tana ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar kololuwa a Turai, wanda ɗan dutsen Ingila Edward Whymper ya haura a karon farko a shekara ta 1865.
Dutsen Matterhorn yana daya daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Alps, yana kan iyakar Switzerland da Italiya. Yana cikin wani yanki na tsaunuka da aka sani da Pennine Alps, kimanin kilomita 10 daga Zermatt, Switzerland. Yana gabatar da kololuwar da ba kasafai ba kuma kusan cikakke cikakke mai siffa dala tare da tudu guda 4 kuma kusan gefen lebur da ginshiƙan Leone, Zmutt, Furggen da Hörnli suka raba. yana nuni kusan kai tsaye zuwa maki 4 na kadinal. Arewa, gabas da yamma sun daidaita a bangaren Switzerland, yayin da kudu ke bangaren Italiya.
Dutsen yana da kololuwa biyu: kololuwar Swiss Peak da Peak na Italiya. Tare da kiyasin tsayin mita 4.478, shi ne na shida mafi girma a cikin Alps. Ba kamar sauran tsaunukan tsaunuka ba, dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara ba ta rufe samanta gaba ɗaya, amma ana iya hango manyan sassan launin ruwan kasa da suka yi daidai da duwatsu, duk da haka, manyan glaciers ba su yi watsi da shi a gindin dutsen ba. Alal misali, glacier Cervino yana a gindin fuskar arewacin dutsen. Safiya yawanci ƴan digiri ne a ƙasa da sifili saboda girma da dusar ƙanƙara, amma ranar na iya zama ɗan dumi.
A cikin 2014, masana kimiyyar ƙasa sun ba da rahoto a cikin mujallar Nature Revelation cewa sun sami shaidar wani katon dakin da ke cikin Matterhorn, lko kuma yana nuna cewa zai iya rushewa da sauri da karfi a wani lokaci a tarihi. Tabbas, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan fannin.
Samuwar Matterhorn
Tun da Matterhorn dutse ne a cikin Alps, samuwarsa ya fara ne lokacin da dutsen ya fara bayyana sama da saman duniya. Wannan tsari ya fara ne lokacin da Pangea ya fara raguwa ya rabu zuwa Laurasia da Gondwana. Dukansu talakawa suna raba su da Tekun Tethys. Siffar sake canza lokacin da ɓawon ciki na duniya ya canza fiye da shekaru miliyan 100 da suka wuce, sannan Afirka ta koma Turai sannu a hankali har suka kasance kusa da juna sosai.
Lokacin da nahiyar Turai ta yi karo da farantin Apulian, ɓawon burodi ya ninka tsawon shekaru da yawa. Bayan haka, kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka wuce. ɓawon burodi ya fara tashi har sai da Matterhorn ya kasance cikakke. Duk da haka, ba kamar yadda yake a yau ba domin siffarsa ta samo asali ne daga zazzagewar dusar ƙanƙara, kuma kolinsa yana da nau'i na dutse da yawa.
Flora da fauna na Dutsen Matterhorn
Saboda kyawun yanayi da muhimmancinsa na tarihi da al'adu, wannan dutse yana daya daga cikin tsaunukan da aka fi daukar hoto a duniya. A kusa da manyan gine-ginen da ke cikinta, akwai manyan korayen kwari masu cike da ciyawa, ganyaye da gajerun shuke-shuke, da wasu itatuwa irin su ciyayi. Alps gida ne ga tsire-tsire masu furanni waɗanda zasu iya rayuwa sama da mita 4000, amma a zahiri rabin saman dutsen ba shi da tsire-tsire. Yawancin lichens suna manne da manyan duwatsu a cikin tsaunuka kuma awakin daji suna ziyartar su.
Game da fauna, an san cewa tsaunuka gida ga nau'ikan namun daji fiye da 30.000, ciki har da dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, kwari, da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ibex (Capra ibex) sanannen mai hawan dutse ne mai iya ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa sama da ɗan sarari tsakanin duwatsu.
Clima
Matterhorn yana da kololuwa daban-daban guda biyu, duka a kan tsaunukan dutse masu tsayin mita 100: Kololuwar Swiss (4477,5 m) a gabas da Kololuwar Italiyanci (4476,4 m) a yamma. Sunansa ya fito ne daga hawan farko, ba don dalilai na yanki ba, tunda duka biyun suna kan iyaka. Masanin ilimin geniva kuma mai bincike Horace Bénédict de Saussure ne ya fara auna tsayin dutsen a watan Agustan 1792, ta hanyar amfani da sarkar ƙafa 50 da ke kewaye da Theodul Glacier da sextant. Ya lissafta tsayin da ya kai mita 4.501,7. A cikin 1868, injiniyan Italiya Felice Giordano ya auna tsayin mita 4.505 tare da barometer na mercury wanda ya kai taron. Taswirar Dufour, wanda masu binciken Italiya suka biyo baya, ya ba da mita 4.482, ko ƙafa 14.704, a matsayin tsayin taron kolin Swiss.
An yi wani ma'auni na baya-bayan nan (1999) ta hanyar amfani da fasahar GPS, wanda ya ba da tsayin Matterhorn tare da daidaiton santimita ɗaya, kuma ya duba canje-canjensa. Sakamakon ya kasance 4.477,54 masl.
Geology
Yawancin tuddai suna cikin Tsaté nappe, ragowar ɓawon ruwan teku na Piedmontese-Ligurian (ophiolite) da duwatsun da ke cikinsa.. Dutsen ya kai tsayin mita 3.400 kuma an yi shi da ci gaba da yadudduka na ophiolite da duwatsu masu ratsa jiki. Daga nisan mita 3.400 zuwa babban koli, dutsen yana gneiss daga Dent Blanche nappe (samuwar dutsen dutsen Ostiraliya). An raba su da jerin Arolla (a ƙasa 4.200 m) da bel na Valpelline (a sama). Sauran tsaunukan yankin (Weisshorn, Zinalrothorn, Dent Blanche, Mont Collon) suma suna cikin Dent Blanche nappe.
Matterhorn ya haɓaka siffa ta pyramidal a cikin ƴan kwanakin nan saboda zaizayar ƙasa a cikin ƴan shekaru miliyan da suka gabata. A farkon Alpine orogeny, Matterhorn dutse ne kawai zagaye kamar ƙaramin dutse. Saboda tsayinsa sama da layin dusar ƙanƙara, gefensa suna lulluɓe da ƙanƙara, wanda ke sa dusar ƙanƙara ta yi tari kuma ta taru.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da Dutsen Cervino da halayensa.