Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Shi marubuci Bajamushe ne, mawaƙi kuma masanin kimiyya da aka haife shi a shekara ta 1749. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan Jamusanci da adabin duniya. Ya kuma rubuta makala a kan yanayin yanayi kuma an san shi da ƙirƙirar "wasan girgije."
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku game da biography da kuma amfani da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Biography na Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Mahaifinsa, Johann Caspar Goethe, lauya mai wayewa, ya janye daga rayuwar jama'a kuma ya renon 'ya'yansa shi kadai. Mahaifiyarsa, Catharina Elizabeth Textor, 'yar tsohon magajin garin Frankfurt ce, wadda ta danganta shi da bourgeoisie aristocratic Frankfurt. Duk 'ya'yan ma'auratan sun mutu suna ƙanana, ban da Goethe da 'yar uwarsa Cornelia Friedrich. Christiana, an haife shi a shekara ta 1750.
Goethe ya kusan zama mai iko duka: darektan wasan kwaikwayo, mai suka, ɗan jarida, ɗan siyasa, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai zane-zane, malami, masanin falsafa, masanin tarihi, marubucin wasan opera, ba wai kawai ya shiga cikin kimiyya ba, amma a ƙarshe ya zama marubuci, mawallafi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. Tare da ƙwararren hankali da kwanciyar hankali abin koyi, wanda aka samu ta hanyar tsattsauran horo, ya misalta wata manufa ta Turai wacce ta dogara da al'adu da son sanin duniya.
Ya karanta Law a University of Leipzig a can ya sami sha'awar adabi da zane-zane. Ya kuma karanci ilimin boko, ilmin taurari da alchemy. Abokin mahaifiyarsa, Katharina von Klettenberg, ta gabatar da shi ga sufancin addini.
Komawa zuwa Weimar a cikin 1788, ya sami adawa da sababbin ka'idodin wallafe-wallafensa da ƙiyayya a wasu da'irar kotu saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da matashi Christiane Vulpius. wanda a watan Disamba 1789 ya haifi ɗa. Ta zama matarsa a 1806, tare da wanda suke da 'ya'ya biyar, ko da yake kawai babba, Julius August, ya girma. Goethe da kansa ya so ya zama sanannen masanin kimiyya.
da ilimi
An dade da sanin ilimin halittu a matsayin bashi a gare shi, musamman ma batun ilimin halittar jiki, wanda shine tushen ka'idar juyin halitta. Yi la'akari da mafi mahimmancin aikinsa Zur Farbenlehre na 1810, da Ka'idar Goethe na launuka wanda a cikinsa yayi yunkurin bata sunan kimiyyar Newton. Daga 1791 zuwa 1813 ya jagoranci Ducal Theater.
Ya zama abokai tare da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus Friedrich von Schiller. Wannan dangantakar, wacce ta dade daga 1794 har zuwa mutuwar Schiller a 1805, tana da matukar muhimmanci ga Goethe. Manyan ayyuka sun kasance gudummawa ga Sa'o'i na Schiller na lokaci-lokaci, gami da Roman Elegies (1795), jerin ayyukan da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwarsa da Christiane Vulpius) a cikin wakokin soyayya masu taushi da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga dangantakarsa da 1980s; novel The Apprentice Years by William Meister (1796) da almara idyll Hermann da Dorothea (1798). Schiller kuma ya ƙarfafa Goethe ya sake rubuta Faust, ɓangaren farko wanda aka buga a 1808. Tsawon lokacin daga 1805 har zuwa mutuwarsa a Weimar ya kasance mai amfani.
Ka'idar launuka da wasan girgije na Johan Wolfgang von Goethe
Ka'idar launi da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya haɓaka yana riƙe da cewa ba a raba launuka zuwa sassa na farko da na sakandare, amma abubuwa ne na hankali waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin hangen nesa na ɗan adam lokacin fahimtar haske. A cikin aikinsa "Ka'idar Launi", Goethe ya bayyana yadda za'a iya ganin launuka a matsayin ci gaba da bakan da kuma yadda nau'ikan launuka daban-daban na iya haifar da tasirin gani daban-daban.
Game da wasan gizagizai. cikakken dalla-dalla ne kuma lura da gajimare da al'amuran yanayi. Goethe ya yi imanin cewa gizagizai wani nau'i ne na fasaha na halitta kuma ana iya yin nazari tare da tsangwama kamar kowane abu a cikin yanayi. Ta hanyar wasan girgije, ya haɓaka fahimtar yanayi mai zurfi kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga kimiyyar yanayi na lokacinsa.
Don Goethe ya tsaya ya kalli gajimare, dole ne a sami babban canji a rayuwarsa. Mawakin nan da sauri ya yi suna tare da wani labari wanda ya zaburar da masu kisan kai marasa adadi, The Misadventures of Young Werther, amma sha'awar sa ta farko kafin soyayya ta shuɗe da sauri. Tafiya zuwa Italiya ta kai shi ga sha'awar fasaha daban-daban har sai da ya zama mafi tasiri a cikin al'adun Jamusanci.
A karo na farko yana sha'awar siffar girgije. An san wannan godiya ga tarin bayanan da Goethe ya kafa a cikin littafin tarihinsa, da aka sani da Ayyukan Ayyukan sama. Bayanan ba da labari, sun fi kusa da bayanin fiye da nazari, suna da matuƙar ƙarfin adabi kuma an kasu kashi huɗu - Strate, Cumulus, Cirrus da Nimbus- wanda waƙa ta gabace ta.
Bayan ya dawo daga Italiya, mawaƙin ya tabbatar da zaman lafiya a kotun Weimar. Magaji ga al'adar falsafar Hellenistic, ta horar da nau'o'i da yawa bisa ga ma'auni na daidaito da jituwa. Waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo sun ɗaukaka shi, amma halinsa na Renaissance ya kai shi ga kimiyya. Goethe ya yi nazarin al'amarin launi a ka'idar launi bisa ga zato na gani da ke da sabani da na Isaac Newton.
Baya ga ayyukan Fernando Vicente. Wasan gizagizai kuma ya ƙunshi misalai na zane-zane sama da 3.000 da suka tsira na mahaliccin eclectic. Wasu daga cikinsu suna so su nuna siffar da sararin sama ya ɗauka "bisa ga ma'auni da aka yi a cikin bayanin kula na farko", kamar yadda ɗaya daga cikin bayanan ya nuna. Sai a kashi na biyu ne za mu ga mawaki a cikin dukkan daukakarsa. Rubuce-rubucen kan yanayin yanayi ya kori daga aikinsa kan yanayin zafi nau'i biyu da suka sa Goethe ya zama cikakkiyar siffa: kimiyya da adabi. Wannan littafin ya tattara duk abubuwan da ke damun ku na fasaha.
Mutuwar Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1832 a Weimar, yana da shekaru 82. Abin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa shi ne ciwon zuciya. Goethe ya bar gado mai ɗorewa ba kawai a cikin adabi da al'adu ba, har ma a kimiyya, falsafa, da siyasa. Ana ci gaba da karantawa da nazarin aikinsa a duniya, kuma tasirinsa ya wuce lokacin da aka haife shi da kuma wurin da aka haife shi.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da tarihin rayuwa da amfani da Johan Wolfgang von Goethe.