El Uphondo lwase-Afrika Yindawo enkulu yomhlaba eqhamuka endaweni esempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Iphakathi kwe-Indian Ocean empumalanga kanye neGulf of Aden enyakatho, inweba amakhilomitha angamakhulu ukuya oLwandle lwase-Arabia. Sekukonke, i-Horn of Africa ilinganiselwa ukuthi ithatha indawo engaphezu kwamamayela-skwele angama-772,200, iningi lawo elinesimo sezulu esomile. Naphezu kwezimo zokuphila ezinzima ezingxenyeni eziningi zesifunda, muva nje kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu bakulesi sifunda lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-90,2.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-Horn of Africa, izici zayo, umnotho kanye nelukuluku.
Luyini uphondo lwase-afrika futhi lutholakala kuphi
Lesi sifunda siseNtshonalanga Afrika futhi sithathwa njengesinye sezifunda ezimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Indlala ibilokhu isongela ukuphila komuntu. Lokhu kukholakala ukuthi yindawo lapho okwavela khona ubuntu.
I-Horn of Africa iseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika futhi ingesinye sezifunda ezingazinzile emhlabeni. Yakhiwe amazwe ayisishiyagalombili ahlukene: I-Eritrea, i-Ethiopia, iKenya, iSomalia, iSudan, i-Uganda, iSouth Sudan, ne-Djibouti. Kuyindawo enentshisekelo kumandla aseYurophu nawaseMelika ngoba indawo ekuyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo zasolwandle, amathangi kawoyela kanye nempahla.
Uphondo lwase-Afrika luqanjwe ngegama lomumo walo ongunxantathu. Umlando wayo usukela emazweni ase-Afrika atholakala e-Ethiopia, Eritrea naseYemen, futhi wathuthuka phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Ezikhathini zasendulo, yayisetshenziswa futhi njengomthombo wezinto eziphilayo, ngohambo lokuhlola imure, inhlaka yempepho nezinongo. Lesi sifunda njengamanje sithathwa njengesenkingeni edonsa isikhathi eside. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwenani labantu, kwaba nezimpi ezimbili ezinkulu lapho, impi phakathi kwe-Ethiopia neSomalia, nempi phakathi kwe-Ethiopia ne-Eritrea.
Le ndawo ivamise ukukhahlanyezwa yisomiso noma izikhukhula kanti isimo sobuntu endaweni sibi kakhulu. Phakathi kuka-1982 no-1992, indlala kanye impi isibulale abantu abangaba yizigidi ezimbili.
Izici eziyinhloko
Izici ezivelele kakhulu ze-Horn of Africa yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi kukhona amathafa awomile neziphansi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Ethiopian Highlands, ezihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili yizigodi eziwumfantu.
- Njengamanje, lolu phondo lunohlaza oluningi, njenge-heather, utshani, nezimbali ezincane eziphuzi ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-St.
- Nakuba iningi lesifunda liwugwadule noma liwugwadule, isigodi somfantu siphawulwa uchungechunge lwezintaba nezintaba.
- Ukhahlamba lwezintaba zaseSimien lungolunye lwezintaba ezinkulu nezibaluleke kakhulu esingazithola.
- Nakuba izilwane eziningi zisebenzisa le ndawo njengekhaya lazo, ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo enzima nesimo sezulu kudala indawo enzima yokuzalana kwezilwane.
- Kunezilwane ezihuquzelayo zendabuko eziningi oPhondweni lwe-Afrika kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
- Ukuthola amanzi kuyisikhuthazo ezilwaneni zasendle emathafeni, ngoba ingxenye enkulu ye-Horn of Africa ithola imvula encane kakhulu yonyaka.
- Ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nezimaphakathi ne-Ethiopia nasezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-Eritrea, izimvula ezinkulu zenkathi yezimvula zandisa imvula yaminyaka yonke.
Uphondo Lwe-Afrika lwakhiwe ngamazwe alandelayo: i-Eritrea, i-Ethiopia, iKenya, iSomalia, iSudan, iSouth Sudan, i-Uganda, ne-Djibouti.
Umnotho nezingxabano oPhondweni lwe-Afrika
Izinkinga zezomnotho oPhondweni lwe-Afrika zabangelwa ikakhulukazi isomiso esilandelanayo, esadala inkinga yokudla embi kakhulu eyake yabakhona. izwe liye laphila futhi labangela indlala yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ukuntuleka kokudla kuholela ekuguleni nasekusabeleni kancane, futhi ukufinyelela kanzima emigwaqweni nomakhelwane abazama ukubaleka kuholela ekumimbeni okunemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Emazweni akha uphondo lwe-Afrika, i-Ethiopia isibe yizwe elibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yesimo somphakathi, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye neqhaza lokuzinzisa lesi sifunda. Yizwe lesibili elinabantu abaningi oPhondweni lwe-Afrika futhi lihamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni uzinzo oPhondweni lwe-Afrika. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi i-Ethiopia isibe kwelinye lamazwe akhula ngokushesha umnotho eMpumalanga Afrika.
Lesi sifunda sike saba senkingeni. Izizwe ezehlukene ziqhudelana ngezinsiza kanye nendawo. Impi eqhubekayo kule ndawo isibulale izinkulungwane zabantu, okusho ukuthi izwe alinalo nhlobo uhlobo lukahulumeni kazwelonke oluzobahola.
Phakathi kwezingxabano zamakoloni, singabala:
- Impi yokuqala yase-Italo-Ethiopia
- Dervish ukumelana
- Impi Yesibili Yase-Italo-Ethiopia
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, umkhankaso waseMpumalanga Afrika wenzeka oPhondweni lwe-Afrika; phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kwakukhona nomkhankaso waseMpumalanga Afrika. Kubuye kube nezingxabano ezihlukene endaweni ezikhathini zanamuhla, isibonelo:
- I-Eritrea War of Independence
- Impi yombango yase-Ethiopia
- I-Ogaden War
- Impi yombango yase-Djibouti
- Impi yase-Ethiopia ne-Eritrea
- Impi yombango yaseSomalia
Indlala kanye nobugebengu
Inkinga yokudla oPhondweni lwe-Afrika ibalwe njengendlala futhi ithathwa njengembi kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene imemezele le ndawo ngokuqapha okubomvu, futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi cishe abantu abayisigidi babulawa indlala. Ukuntuleka kosizo lwamazwe ngamazwe, izinkinga zokuphepha kwezwe kanye nezingxabano kwenza kube nzima ukusabela kobuntu nosizo ukuvela.
Isomiso singenye yezinkinga ezinkulu, ezinye izindawo azizange zinethi cishe iminyaka emibili. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekeni kwemfuyo nezitshalo, okungaholela endlala nezifo.
Ongoti bakholwa wukuthi uma kungathathwa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo indlala izobhebhetheka nakwamanye amazwe akha uphondo lwe-Afrika. Ukuswela ukudla okwanele, amanani aphakeme emikhiqizo ethile kanye nokungenelela kwamaqembu amavukela-mbuso kuye kwafaka lesi sifunda enkingeni eyengeziwe nsuku zonke..
Lena inkinga eqhubekayo kanye nosongo emisebenzini yemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokudoba lapho. Ithumele ukugada kwezempi kanye ne-United States egameni le-European Union. Kusukela ngo-2011, nakuba kuye kwaba nokwehla, inkinga ayizange iqedwe ngokuphelele.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nophondo lwase-Afrika kanye nezici zalo.