Namuhla siza nolunye udaba oluchaza ngokuphila komuntu ngomunye wososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu abasize isayensi ukuthi ibe yilokhu eyikho namuhla. Sikhuluma ngakho UJohn dalton. Ungusokhemisi-physicist kanye ne-meteorologist othuthukise ukwakheka kwanamuhla kwemfundiso yama-athomu. Le ndoda ayitholanga ukufundiswa okuningi noma imfundo, kepha ukulangazelela kwayo ukwazi konke kwenza ukuqeqeshwa kwayo kuthuthuke kakhulu.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe ungafunda ngakho konke ukuxhashazwa kukaJohn Dalton nendaba yakhe kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngaye? Qhubeka ufunde.
I-Biography
Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yesayensi yayiphathelene namagesi futhi isifo esibukwayo ayenaso, esasibizwa ngobumpumputhe bombala ukuhlonipha igama layo. Yisifo esenza ungaboni imibala ethile ngaphakathi kwesibonisi esibonakalayo.
Lapho nje esaziwa njengososayensi, wazakhela isikhundla esiqinile kwezemfundo. Ngemuva kocwaningo oluningi, wathola lokho esikwaziyo njengoMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi. Kungumthetho ochaza isisindo sezinto ezibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali. Ukusuka lapho wakwazi ukusungula umbono mayelana nomthethosisekelo wezinto futhi wabizwa Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton. Le ndlela yesayensi yayisebenza phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye futhi ngenxa yayo intuthuko enkulu ingafinyelelwa emhlabeni wamakhemikhali.
Konke lokhu okutholakele kumholele ekubeni ngomunye wobaba bamakhemikhali.
Uthisha nomcwaningi ngasikhathi sinye
UJohn Dalton wayenemisebenzi emibili ngasikhathi sinye. Bobabili bamnikeza ukuduma okubalulekile nesimo somnotho esiphakeme kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukuzinikela ngokuphelele emisebenzini yakhe. Ngo-1802, wasungula umthetho wezingcindezi ezingaphelele (owaziwa ngokuthi umthetho kaDalton) kumemo owawubizwa ngokuthi Ukumunca amagesi ngamanzi nolunye uketshezi. Le mbono yaveza ukuthi ingcindezi inhlanganisela yegesi enayo ilingana nenani lezingcindezi zento ngayinye.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uDalton wasungula ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi ingcindezi yomphunga wamagesi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ngalokhu kuyaziwa ukuthi, njengoba izinga lokushisa kwegesi likhuphuka, kanjalo nengcindezi eliyenzayo esikhaleni esivaliwe. Ngale ndlela nangalezi zimiso, isitsha sasekhishini esazi namuhla ukuthi umpheki wengcindezi usebenza.
Intshisekelo yakhe emagesi ingenxa yokuzilibazisa okukhulu ayenakho ezifundweni zezulu. Wayehlala njalo ephatha okokusebenza ukuze akwazi ukukala okuguquguqukayo komkhathi. Wayekuthanda ukwazi umkhathi futhi wabhala phansi konke akubonile encwadini yakhe. Ngenxa yalolu lukuluku, uJohn Dalton ulethe intuthuko eminingi kwezesayensi.
Umthetho wezilinganiso eziningi
Kakade ngo-1803 waqala ukwakha lokho okungaba umnikelo wakhe omkhulu kwezesayensi. Kuze kube manje akusikho ukuthi wenze okuncane, kepha ukuthi yilokhu okuzomenza athuthuke kakhulu. Konke kubuyela kolunye lwezinsuku zakhe ngenkathi ese-laboratory yakhe efunda indlela i-nitric oxide enayo ne-oxygen. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho athola khona ukuthi ukusabela kungaba nokulingana okuhlukile. Kwesinye isikhathi kungaba ngu-1: 1,7, kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-1: 3,4. Lokhu kwehluka kobukhulu kwakungeyona into angayiqonda kahle, kepha ngenxa yayo wakwazi ukubona ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo yonke imininingwane futhi wasungula ukuthi ubuyini uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi.
Lo mthetho uthi ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, izisindo zezinto ezimbili zihlala zihlangana ngokulingana kwenombolo ephelele. Ngenxa yalokhu kuchazwa, wakwazi ukuqala ukubona izimiso zokuqala zethiyori ye-athomu.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yayimihle kakhulu futhi yakhulunywa ngomlomo ngawo lowo nyaka. Ngemuva kweminyaka yokubhala, ngo-1808 umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu washicilelwa encwadini. Incwadi yaqanjwa ngegama Uhlelo olusha lwefilosofi yamakhemikhali. Kule ncwadi ungaqoqa yonke imibono eyinhloko yama-athomu kanye nezindawo ezahlukahlukene zethiyori yento esiyaziyo namuhla njengoMthetho kaDalton. Ukuqhubeka nokuchazwa, wadweba izinhlayiya ezithile ukuze, ngomfanekiso, abantu bakwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali kusebenza kanjani.
Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, ukwazile ukushicilela uhlu lokuqala lwezisindo ze-athomu nezimpawu namuhla okuyingxenye yetafula lezikhathi ezithile. Ngokumangazayo, akuwona wonke umphakathi wesayensi owavuma umbono kaDalton.
Ukuphela komsebenzi wakhe
Ngo-1810 ingxenye yesibili yencwadi yashicilelwa. Kule ngxenye unikeze ubufakazi obusha mayelana nezifundo zakhe ngokwamandla. Ngale ndlela wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi umbono wakhe wawuyiqiniso. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1827, Ingxenye yesithathu yombono wakhe yavela. UDalton wazibona enguthisha hhayi njengomcwaningi. Yize wayeyilungu leRoyal Society kusuka ngo-1822 futhi wazuza indondo kulo mphakathi wezesayensi ngo-1825, wayehlale ethi uziphilisa ngokunikeza amakilasi nezinkulumo.
Ngokunikezwa konke ukwesabisa kwakhe empilweni yakhe yonke, ngo-1833 wanikezwa impesheni yonyaka. Iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yakhe wayichitha ethatha umhlalaphansi futhi ngoJulayi 27, 1844 wabulawa yisifo senhliziyo. Ngokwesifiso sikaDalton, kwenziwa isidumbu ukuze kubonwe imbangela yesifo sakhe sokubuka. Eminyakeni eyalandela yabonwa njengobumpumputhe bombala.
Kwakwaziwa ukuthi lesi sifo sasingeyona inkinga esweni, kodwa inkinga ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwamandla emizwa. Ngenxa yazo zonke izimangaliso negalelo lakhe elikhulu kwezesayensi, wangcwatshwa ngezihlonipho ze-monarch umngcwabo omkhulu ohanjelwe ngabantu abangaphezu kuka-400.000.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, uJohn Dalton wayengusosayensi ongomunye okwazi ukuqhubekisela phambili futhi anikele emhlabeni wesayensi ngenxa yelukuluku nokubekezela kocwaningo lwakhe. Lokhu kusenza sifunde ngokubaluleka kokuzinikela kulokho esikuthanda kakhulu nokuthi izimpilo zethu zigxile kukho.