Namuhla sizokhuluma ngomfula omkhulu eNtshonalanga Afrika. Imayelana ne- umfula i-niger. Inobude obungamakhilomitha angama-4.200 futhi ingumfula wesithathu omude kunayo yonke ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, ngemuva koMfula iNayile noMfula iCongo. Igama elithi Niger libizwa ngamaGreki, noma kucatshangwa kanjalo, ngoba kuwo wonke umlando lo mfula ubusaziwa ngamagama ahlukene.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izimfihlo, izici, izitshalo nezilwane zoMfula iNiger.
Indawo yomfula iNiger
Lo mfula utholakala eGuinea futhi useduze nezindawo eziphakeme zaseFouta Djallon. Ngesikhathi samakhilomitha okuqala ayi-160 womzila inokugeleza okuya enyakatho. Ukuqhubeka phambili, kulandela inkomba ebheke enyakatho nentshonalanga futhi kuyingxenye yesifundo lapho kutholwa khona imithamo ephezulu kakhulu. Lezi zinhlawulo yimifula iMafou, iNiandan, iMilo neSankarani ngakwesokudla kanye neTinkisso ngakwesobunxele, bese ingena eMali.
Kunesigodi esakhiwe yi-tectonic subsidence esihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili ezisheshayo ezicwiliswe ngamanzi asekelwa yiDamu iMarkala futhi itholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-240 ngenhla kwedamu iSotuba ngaseSansanding. Kuwo wonke lamandla, uMfula iNiger uthatha indlela ebheke empumalanga esenyakatho-mpumalanga. Kule ndawo, umbhede wayo awunazithiyo ngakho-ke kuvumela ukwakheka kwezinsimbi okungcono. Lesi sigaba sonke sinobude bamakhilomitha ayi-1600.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuyo yonke imingenela yoMfula iNiger, omkhulu kunayo yonke kwesokudla yiMopti. Kamuva, amanye amachibi amancane, imifudlana namanzi amile angena esifundeni okuthiwa yi-delta yangaphakathi yeNiger. Lawa machibi asengxenyeni yebhange langakwesobunxele futhi axhunywe noMfula iNiger ngezinye iziteshi ezingathola izinguquko ezithile ohlangothini lokugeleza kuye ngesizini esikuyo.
Ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zomfula amachibi ngokwengxenye aba yisikhukhula ngokujwayelekile. Kungumfula umnikelo wawo kwezomnotho ubaluleke impela. Ngasosebeni lomfula esixoxe ngalo, kunomsebenzi omkhulu wokudoba ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudoba kufanele kuyeke ukuba semanzini ajulile nasogwini kwazise mancane amanzi.
Ukudoba imifula kulo mfula kungenye yemisebenzi esemqoka kwamanye amadolobha afana ne iBozo neSomono esifundeni sesiziba, iSorko maphakathi neNiger, iKede kanye neKakanda phakathi kweJebba neLokoja, kanye neWurbo neJukun eBenue. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu eseziphazamise izindawo zokudoba zaseNiger River eseziphazamiseke kakhulu ukutholakala kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela esifundeni se-delta. Konke obekungukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, kudala imithelela ehlukahlukene ezimibalabala, ezilwaneni nasezinhlabathini zomfula, ngaphezu kokwehla kwekhwalithi yamanzi.
Izimbali nezilwane zomfula iNiger
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wawo, singathola izindawo ezahlukahlukene zohlaza eNtshonalanga Afrika. Kunendawo lapho iNiger inyuka khona impela ngoba idlula ethafeni laseFouta Djallon. Le ndawo yasethafeni imbozwe uhlobo lwezimila zamadwala ezinezicucu eziningana zezintambo ezifakwe ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwamadwala angenalutho. Kule ndawo izitshalo ziminyene impela.
Umfula osele ugeleza phakathi kwezimfunda ezedlule ze-savanna ezinotshani obufushane futhi obungaqedi. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona izihlahla ezinameva nokhuni lomtholo. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yoMfula iNiger sinendawo yamathafa otshani notshani obude obuhlanganiswe notshani obunezihlahla ezijiyile. Lokhu kwakheka ngenxa yokuthi zonke izakhamzimba ezithwala umfula nokuthi zihamba kuwo wonke umugqa wawo, zifinyelela endaweni eseningizimu impela. Lokhu sedimentation kuthanda ukukhula kwezimila ngaphandle komfula ongena ebhande lamahlathi emvula lapho kunenani elikhulu lemvula.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zitholakala eMfuleni iNiger nakuyo yonke imifula yayo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezisebenza njengokudla kwabantu yi-carp, inhlanzi edansayo kanye nenhlanzi yaseNayile.Singathola nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ngasemfuleni, phakathi kwazo esinazo Izimvubu, kufanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingwenya nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezibankwa.
Mayelana nempilo yezinyoni sinengcebo eningi kakhulu lapho amahansi agqame kakhulu ezifundeni zamachibi kanye nezindwandwe nonogolantethe abagudle umfula namaphethelo amachibi. Kufanele kuqhakanjiswe umqhele ositayayo ovame ukubonakala lapho kunezindawo eziningi ezivulekile ezindaweni ezinotshani. Ngokuqondene nama-pelican nama-flamingo, angabonakala ehambisana nendawo engenhla yeBenue. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezindawo ezisogwini lomfula, kufaka phakathi ama-plover anamakhanda amhlophe, izinyoni zasogwini, izinyoni zezingwenya, izimpungushe ezibomvu ngokuluhlaza kanye nama-curlews
Ukwakheka nezinsongo
Umfula iNiger River Basin unomsuka wawo ekuhlanganisweni kwenhlangano ehluleke kathathu yamapuleti ama-tectonic. Okusho ukuthi, ngemuva kwamapuleti ama-tectonic bazamile ukujoyina kepha abakwazanga ngenxa yokwehlukana phakathi kwamapuleti aseNingizimu Melika nawase-Afrika. Kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kweJurassic naphakathi noCretaceous. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwenzeka ukwahlukana okuhlukahlukene endaweni bese kufakwa izingqimba zenzika ukwakha umfula iNiger.
Phakathi kwezinsongo esinazo ezitshalweni zezilwane nezilwane kanye nemvelo yalo mfula sinokukhula kwabantu kanye nokusetshenziswa okungagcineki kwemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu kuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi kanye nokwehliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo. Uma futhi sibala ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokutshalwa emihlabathini eqhubeka iba mpofu, ukukhuthazwa kogwadule kuyakhuthazwa, kuqhubeke kwehlise nekhwalithi yalezi zinhlelo zemvelo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngoMfula iNiger.