ENyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNaples, sithola i-supervolcano Campi Flegrei. Ekupheleni kuka-2016 iqembu lamazwe omhlaba lama-geologists lashicilela ucwaningo olwethusayo. Yize ibikade ingenamsebenzi cishe iminyaka engama-500, okokugcina kwaba ngo-1538, UCampi Flegrei ukhombisa izimpawu zokuthi uyavuka. Kubantu abangazi ukuthi iyiphi i-supervolcano, iyintaba-mlilo enkulu kunokujwayelekile, kepha amandla ayo okubhujiswa makhulu kakhulu. Eqinisweni, eYurophu, iNtaba iFlegrei ibe yintaba-mlilo ngobukhulu obukhulu.
I-caldera ye-volcano yakhiwa eminyakeni engama-39.000 eyedlule, futhi kube ukuqhuma okukhulu kunakho konke eminyakeni engama-200.000.. Okunye ukuhlangana, yize kungaqinisekile futhi kunemibono eminingi ngaphandle, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqhuma kweCampi de Flegrei nokuqothulwa kwehomo laseNeanderthal. I-supervolcano efana neCampi de Flegrei ayiyona nje enye, izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuthi zingaziwela zodwa, zenze izifunda ezibanzi zemigodi, amagiza, umsebenzi we-hydrothermal kanye ne-sulfuric acid. Intaba-mlilo i-Yellowstone e-United States iyisibonelo esihle.
Injani futhi ngubani ozinikele ekutadisheni kwayo?
ICampi Flegrei iqukethe imigodi engama-24, kanye nochungechunge oluphelele lwezakhiwo zentaba-mlilo (iningi lazo licwile oLwandle iMedithera). Iminyaka engu-200.000 edlule, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe i-caldera yamanje, kwaqhuma intabamlilo. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2010 ngochwepheshe base-University of Chicago lukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mcimbi waholela ebusika benuzi. Njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kuvimba ukukhanya kwelanga iminyaka, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngesikhathi kuqhuma intaba, kwanyuka ngaphezulu kwamalitha ayi-3,7 trillion edwala elincibilikisiwe. Ikhipha inani elikhulu le-sulfuric acid emkhathini.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaleso sikhathi, uGiuseppe de Natale, ovela e-Italy National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, ukuthi lezi zimo yizona kuphela eziqhathaniswa nemiphumela ukuwa kwe-meteorite enkulu okungaba nayo.
I-Redondel Rojo, indawo engaba ngamakhilomitha ayi-12 ububanzi. Umjikelezo Ophuzi yiVesuvius
Ubuso obuhlala kubo akuyona eyentaba-mlilo yakudala, njengeVesuvius, eseduze kakhulu neCampi Flegrei. Kepha ihlakazekile, inemigodi eminingi, njengoba sibona esithombeni. Futhi engeza lokho IVesuvius, ibilokhu ikhombisa izimpawu zomsebenzi omkhulu nengcindezi. Singakubona ukuzungeza, indawo esemhlabeni, nokuthi ikuphi ngaphakathi koLwandle iMedithera.
Kuze kube ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, iqembu lezazi zentaba-mlilo ezivela eNational Institute of Geophysics, eliholwa nguGiovanni Chiodini, lasho esifundweni salo ukuthi ingcindezi yentaba-mlilo ifinyelela eqophelweni layo elibucayi. Kungenzeka ukuthi akwenzeki lutho. Lezi zinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo azinaso isigaxa esiphakathi esilinganisekayo futhi umagma ongaphansi komhlaba uvame ukuhlala endaweni enkudlwana. Kepha lokhu kukhonjiswa yizimpawu zama-boilers ahlukile. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe, imiphumela yayo ingathinta abantu abangama-500.000 abahlala kule ndawo.
Njengoba iminyaka ihamba, umsebenzi nengcindezi kuyanda
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, uCampi Flegrei uhlangabezane nochungechunge lwemicimbi. Khombisa lokho amagesi akhuphukela phezulu ngezinga elihlala likhula. Iziphathimandla zase-Italy yaphakamisa izinga lokuxwayisa ngo-2012 lisuka kokuluhlaza laphuzi. Okusho ukuthi kusuka kokuzolile, umuntu uqala ukuqapha umsebenzi. Ingabe abahlali bazo kufanele baphume? Cha. Ngokusho kweChiodini, kuzofanele silinde ukubona ukuthi yonke into iqala kanjani nokuthi i-boiler izoziphatha kanjani. Kepha kuphuthuma ukulindela ukuthi kuzoqhuma nini, uma uthatha isinqumo sokwenza kanjalo. Okwamanje, yebo, kunobufakazi obusobala bomsebenzi obungaqoshwa. Imiphumela engaqhamuka nalokhu kuqhuma kufanele ibhekisise okwenzeka ekugcineni.
Sizoqhubeka nokubheka phambili emicimbini ezayo. Siyethemba izindaba azidluli lapho zithi eminyakeni edlule kube nomsebenzi omningi ukwedlula okujwayelekile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinga lenhlekelele ebingafinyelela kulo, singacabanga kuphela ngamazwi ochwepheshe abaye bafunda ngemiphumela yayo esikhathini esedlule.
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