Ku-geology kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhululeka. Izinsizakusebenza ezihlobene nokwakheka kwayo, ukwakheka kwayo noma izinga lokuthambekela kwayo. Kulokhu, sizokhuluma ngakho ukukhululeka kwekarst. Luhlobo lwe-landscape olwakhiwe ngedwala le-limestone. Idwala le-limestone luhlobo olukhetheke kakhulu lwedwala ngoba yize liyidwala elenziwe ngemisuka, amanzi nezidalwa eziphilayo kulinikeza ukuhlangana okwenza likwazi ukumelana nama-erosive agents ahlasela amadwala asezintabeni.
Kulesi sihloko sizochaza zonke izici nokubaluleka kokukhululeka kwe-karst.
Izici eziyinhloko
Idwala le- limestone aliqhekeki kodwa liyancibilika emanzini. Ngakho-ke, iyamelana nezinto eziningi ezikhukhula ngaphandle kwamanzi emvula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iyaphela bese kwenziwa isixazululo, okuyikho okwakha ukukhululeka kwekarst. Lolu hlobo lokukhululeka aluveli nje kuphela ematsheni e-limestone kodwa futhi Ama-Uvsls
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngempumuzo ye-karst sizongena edwaleni eliyibumbayo. I-limestone yakhiwe kakhulu nge-calcium carbonate. Yilokhu okwenza izinwele zincibilikiswe emanzini ukuphela kwento idwala elenziwe ngayo. Inokungcola futhi ukuqongelela kwabo kubizwa nge-terra rossa. Ngenxa yokuqedwa kwamatshe e-limestone singathola izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhululeka kwe-karst: kwangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Izinhlobo zokuphumula kwekarst
Ukukhululeka kwangaphandle kwekarst
Indlela elula yokuqedwa kwedwala le-limestone ine-lapiaz. Le yimigodi engenhla ekwazi ukusukela emigodini emincane engamamilimitha kuya kumamitha ambalwa ububanzi. Le mibobo engajulile inendawo engezansi ezungezwe onqenqemeni, yize uma ibonakala njengethambeka elingaphezulu ithatha ukubukeka komugqa ngokwengeziwe, njengokungathi ngamaphayiphi esitho. Uma i-lapiaz ikhula kahle, igcina yakha ukucindezeleka phansi. Lokhu kucindezelwa kudala izinhlobo eziningana zokukhululeka kwe-karst:
- I-Dolomite. Kuyisimo sokucindezeleka esivaliwe esinendawo eyisiyingi noma eyisiyingi. Ingakala kusuka emashumini ambalwa wamamitha iye emakhulwini. Ingaphansi yalolu sizo lumbozwe noma ukungcola okuqongelela edwaleni le-limestone. Njengoba amanzi eqoqana ezansi, izinga lokuqedwa kwedwala liphakeme futhi, ngakho-ke, kuvela usinki oholela emhumeni. Leli phasi livamise ukwakheka ngofele ngenxa yendlela idwala le-limestone elincibilika kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma lokhu kwakhiwa kuzoba seduze nogu, kungenzeka ukuthi lephansi elenziwe lihlaselwe ulwandle. Ngendlela yokungena kasawoti, ingaqhubeka yonakalise idwala.
- uvala. Lolu hlobo lokwakheka lwenzeka lapho ama-sinkholes amaningana ekhula ndawonye aze ajoyine ukucindezeleka okukodwa. Ibizwa kanjalo ngoba le coalescence inesimo se-alveolar.
- I-Poljé. Olunye uhlobo lokwakheka oluphathelene nokukhululeka kwe-karst. Kwenzeka lapho ukucindezeleka kwangaphandle okunendawo ephansi eyisicaba kanye nekhilomitha kuvalwa ngamathambeka amakhulu. Ungathi ngumvini omkhulu kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwepoljé kunezinhlobo ezincane ze-karst ezifana nama-uvalas, ama-lapiace kanye nama-sinkholes. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zingcindezi zikhulu kakhulu, inethiwekhi ye-hydrographic ivame ukukhula kuzo. Njengoba kungukucindezeleka okuvaliwe, amanzi awakwazi ukugeleza kahle kepha abe nosinki onikeza ukufinyelela emfuleni ongaphansi komhlaba. Indawo eseduze kwalesi sinki imvamisa iyindawo enexhaphozi ngoba ijwayele ukwenzeka lapho kunezimvula ezinamandla. Konke kuzoya ngosayizi wosinki kanye nenani lemvula.
Ukukhululeka kwangaphakathi kwekarst
Olunye uhlobo lokukhululeka kwe-karst olwakha imihume. Umsuka walolu hlobo losizo lwenzeka emifuleni engaphansi komhlaba ezungeza ngaphakathi kwedwala le-limestone. La manzi eza ngamasinki esishilo ngenhla. Imifula isebenzisa ukushiyeka kwedwala ukuze idlule futhi idlule kuyo. Uma idwala liphela ngokuhamba kwamanzi, lalakha izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingaphansi komhlaba, siyabona imifula engaphansi komhlaba eyiqiniso.
Njengoba amanzi omfula ehlakazela idwala le-limestone ngaphakathi, ishiya inkambo endala iqhubeke nenkambo yangaphakathi. Lesi yisizathu esenza sikwazi ukubona imigede eyome ngokuphelele eshiywa yimifula. Ifomu eliyisisekelo kakhulu esilithola lenkambo yamanzi ngaphakathi komhume yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi yigalari. Le mipheme ebalulekile yokuhlala ingasebenza futhi iqhubeke nezinye izindlela. Imipheme ingaba nzima futhi imincane noma ikhulise ngokuya ngenkambo yamanzi. Kunezindawo lapho amanzi aphoqeleka ukuthi anyuke futhi futhi aphume angene ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene. Indawo lapho amanzi athanda ukuphakama futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ama-siphon.
Imipheme eshiywe yizifundo zamanzi eziqala enye indlela zivame ukugcina amazinga aphezulu omswakama ezindongeni ezijikeleza amanzi alayishwe nge-calcium carbonate. Lawa mathonsi amanzi yilokho, eminyakeni edlule, azokwakha i- ama-stalactites nama-stalagmites. Uma i-stalactite manje ijoyina i-stalagmite bazokwakha ikholomu ephelele. Ukuze lokhu kwakheke, kuzodlula izinkulungwane nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke, imihume enalezi zakhiwo ibaluleke kakhulu.
Kumandla walezi zindawo zemibukiso kungenzeka ukuthi yonke into igcina ngokuwa futhi inyamalale. Yile ndlela okwakhiwa ngayo amasikela nezinganono. Lezi yimigodi ejulile ezungezwe izindonga mpo ezisondelana nomfula ngemuva. Indawo lapho umfula ushiya ingaphakathi iye ngaphandle ibizwa ngokuthi yi-upwelling.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngokusizwa kwe-karst.