Ukuze wazi isimo sezulu sezulu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, ukubuka iplanethi yethu kubalulekile. Ngibonga abaningi izinsimbi zokubuka singazi futhi sibikezele ngisho nezimo zezulu cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba.
Ukuze wazi isimo sezulu, kulinganiswa kwenziwa ezinkulungwaneni zeziteshi zezulu ezingekho emhlabeni kuphela kepha nasolwandle, ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene zomkhathi futhi ngisho nakweziphuphutheki ezivela emkhathini. Isebenza kanjani imishini ebheka iplanethi yethu nezimo zayo zezulu? Zibaluleke kangakanani ngokwesimo sezulu?
Ukuqaphela ku-meteorology
Amadivayisi wokulinganisa okuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu okufana ingcindezi, umoya, umswakama, imvula, amazinga okushisa, njll. Zitholakala ezindaweni ezihleliwe kuyo yonke iplanethi. Zitholakala zombili ezindaweni ezisenkabeni yezwe, njengamathafa, izintaba, izigodi, amadolobha, kanye nasemizileni elandelwa yimikhumbi nezindiza, besebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi bonke banezinto zezulu ezisemkhunjini.
Ukusetshenziswa okungenziwa kolwazi olunikezwe yiyo yonke le mithombo yokubuka kuhluke kakhulu: kusuka kwirekhodi lesikhashana nje eziteshini ezithile, kuya ekwandisweni kwezibikezelo zezulu. Kunoma ikuphi, izikhungo zesimo sezulu zimisa imininingwane ezindaweni ezithile, ziyicubungule, zilawule ikhwalithi yayo, bese ziyisabalalisa kubasebenzisi abangase bayidinge ukuze bafunde umkhathi.
Uma kwenziwa ukuxhumana emphakathini mayelana nomphumela wokubhekwa kwesimo sezulu kubizwa ngokuthi umbiko wesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, le ndaba ibizwa ngokuthi «ingxenye«. Umphumela wokubhekwa kwesimo sezulu ungakhonjiswa ngomlomo nangezethulo. Imvamisa, imephu yendawo ezobhekwa iyasetshenziswa futhi okuguquguqukayo kwesimo sezulu okuye kwabonwa kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kumelelwe kuyo.
Ngesethi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okufundwe, amamodeli angakhiwa ukusiza ekubikezeleni kwawo. Okwakho, kusekelwe emaphethini wokusebenza nokuziphatha kwalezi ziguquko zezulu kuya ezimweni zemvelo nokuthi zingavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyahlaziywa. Ukubikezela isimo sezulu kudingekile kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke ukuze ukwazi ukwazi ukuthi isimo sezulu sizoba njani ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo futhi sikwazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana nesimo sezulu.
Izinhlobo zokubikezela isimo sezulu zisebenzisa imininingwane etholwe ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi kangaka yamarekhodi ukuze ikwazi ukwakha izici ezakha isimo sezulu sesifunda. Njengoba wazi, isimo sezulu asifani nesimo sezulu. Isimo sezulu sibhekisela esimweni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngesikhathi esithile. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu yisethi yalezi eziguqukayo kuyo yonke iminyaka. Isibonelo, isimo sezulu sise-polar, lapho okuguquguqukayo okufana nokushisa, imvula ngesimo seqhwa, imimoya, njll. Bakha isimo sezulu esibandayo, lapho amazinga okushisa aphansi angaphansi kwama-zero degrees evelele.
Izinsiza zokubheka isimo sezulu
Vele, isisekelo sakho konke ukubonwa kwesimo sezulu kulele kuzinsimbi zesimo sezulu ezisetshenziselwa ukuthatha izilinganiso. Leli thebula lifingqa ezinye zezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:
Isiteshi sesimo sezulu ngokuvamile sineziningi zalezi zinsimbi, noma ngabe ziphelele kakhulu. Ukuze izilinganiso zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu zenziwe kahle, kufanele zenziwe ngokuya ngemibandela esungulwe Inhlangano Yezwe Yezulu. Lezi zindlela zisuselwa endaweni efanele, ukuma kanye nezimo zemvelo ezingathinta amadivayisi wokulinganisa futhi ziguqule imiphumela etholakele.
Ukuze idatha ibe lukhuni, indawo ebiyelwe yesiteshi semeteorological kufanele ibe nebhokisi labathumeli, uhlobo lwehhoko lamapulangwe elimhlophe elitholakala emamitha ayi-1.5 ukusuka phansi, ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kukhona ama-thermometer, i-hygrometer ne-evaporimeter. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni eziningi, iziteshi ziye umbhoshongo wesimo sezulu. Amadivayisi wokulinganisa afana nama-thermometer, ama-anemometers nama-vanes atholakala kuwo, asazisa ngezimo zezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuqaphelisisa iziphuphutheki zesimo sezulu
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili nangaphandle kokungabaza, iziphuphutheki zokubuka yizona eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kepha yizo ezinikeza imiphumela emihle. Isikhundla esithathwa yiziphuphutheki, ekuzungezeni umhlaba, kubavumela ukuba babe nombono omuhle, obanzi futhi obanzi ukwedlula lowo wanoma iyiphi into esemhlabeni.
Iziphuphutheki zithola imisebe kagesi ekhishwe futhi iboniswa nguMhlaba. Owokuqala uvela ngokwawo kanti owesibili uvela eLangeni, kodwa ubonakala ebusweni bomhlaba nasemkhathini ngaphambi kokufinyelela kusathelayithi. Iziphuphutheki zithwebula amaza athile ale radiation, ngamandla ahlukile ngokuya ngezimo zomkhathi, ukucubungula imininingwane kamuva nokunwebisa izithombe ezizotholwa eziteshini zomhlaba, lapho zizohunyushwa khona.
Iziphuphutheki zemeteorological zingahlukaniswa ngokuya nge-orbit lapho zitholakala khona futhi ngokuya ngezinhlobo zazo:
Iziphuphutheki zeGeostationary
Lezi ziphuphutheki zizungeza ngasikhathi sinye njengoba kwenza uMhlaba, ngakho-ke zibona ngeso lengqondo iphuzu elinqunyelwe elise-equator yomhlaba. Imvamisa, lawa masathelayithi zitholakala kude kakhulu noMhlaba (cishe amakhilomitha angama-40.000).
Izinzuzo ezinikezwa yilezi ziphuphutheki ukuthi, njengoba kukude kangaka, umkhakha wabo wokubuka ubanzi kakhulu, mkhulu njengobuso bonke beplanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikezela ngolwazi ngendlela eqhubekayo mayelana nendawo ethile ofuna ukuyibuka nokuvumela ukuvela kwesimo sezulu kuleyo ndawo.
Iziphuphutheki zePolar
Iziphuphutheki zasePolar yilezo ezisondela eduze kakhulu kunalezo ezedlule (eziphakathi kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 kanye nama-200 ukuphakama) ngakho-ke zisinikeza umbono oseduze ngeplanethi yethu. Okubi ukuthi, noma isinikeza izithombe ezinokucaca okuphezulu futhi kucace, bayakwazi ukubona isikhala esincane.
I-satellite yemeteorological ine-instrumentation efanelekile yokuthwebula imininingwane ngezindawo ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi yoMhlaba, kepha ikakhulukazi ithwebula imisebe ebonakalayo ne-infrared electromagnetic radiation. Kulolu lwazi, kwenziwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezithombe zesathelayithi, ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-spectrum band ezihambelana nazo. Uma izithombe ezitholakele zibekwa ngokulandelana, zibhekwa njengokulandelana, sizokwazi ukuqonda ukuhamba kwamafu, njengoba nje umuntu wesimo sezulu esibonisa kuthelevishini nsuku zonke.
Izinhlobo zokubheka
Ngokuya ngolwazi oluqoqwe yizinhlobo ezimbili zeziphuphutheki zesimo sezulu, singenza amamephu wokubuka ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezithombe eziqoqwa yiziphuphutheki: Okokuqala, kukhona izithombe ezibonakala kokubonwayo futhi, okwesibili, lezo ezise-infrared.
Izithombe ezibonakalayo (i-VIS)
Izithombe ezibonakalayo zakha isithombe esicishe sifane naleso ebesingasibona ukube besitholakala kusathelayithi, ngoba, njengoba amehlo ethu engenza, isathelayithi ibamba imisebe yelanga ngemuva kokucabanga ngamafu, umhlaba noma ulwandle, kuya ngokuthi indawo.
Ukugqama kwesithombe kuncike ezintweni ezintathu: umfutho wemisebe yelanga, i-engeli yokuphakama kwelanga nokubonakala komzimba obonwayo. Ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile (noma i-albedo) kohlelo lwe-Earth-Atmosphere ngama-30%, kodwa, njengoba sibonile esahlukweni esandulele, iqhwa namanye amafu ayakwazi ukukhombisa inani elikhulu lokukhanya, ukuze esithombeni sesathelayithi esibonakalayo zivele zikhanye kunesibonelo, ulwandle.
Yize amafu ngokuvamile eyizibonakalisi ezinhle, i-albedo yawo incike ebunzimeni nasesimweni sezinhlayiya eziwakhayo. I-cirrus, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba yifu elincanyana elenziwe ngamakristalu e-ice, ayivezi neze imisebe yelanga, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuyibona esithombeni esibonakalayo (icishe ibe sobala).
I-infrared (IR) ukucabanga
Amandla emisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa ngumzimba ihlobene ngqo nokushisa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, ifu eliphakeme nelibandayo, njenge-cirrus, kuzovela kukhanye kakhulu esithombeni esinjalo. Ugwadule emini, uma kungekho amafu ngaphezulu kwalo, luzovela njengendawo emnyama kakhulu esithombeni, ngenxa yokushisa kwalo okuphezulu. Izithombe ze-infrared zingathuthukiswa ngombala ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa okuphuma endaweni, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukukhonjwa kwezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu, imvamisa ezihambelana neziqongo zamafu ezithuthuke kakhulu.
Izithombe ze-infrared kwenze kube nzima ukuhlukanisa amafu aphansi nezinkunguNjengoba izinga lokushisa kwabo lifana nelaphezulu lapho bekhona, bangadideka ngakho.
Izithombe ze-infrared zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ebusuku, ngoba akukho ukukhanya kwama-satellite athatha izithombe ezibonakalayo ukuze azithwebule. Kufanele ucabange ukuthi noma ngabe kusemini noma kusebusuku, imizimba ikhipha ukushisa futhi, ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa, izoba mhlophe noma ibe mnyama. Ngalesi sizathu, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokubheka zisetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa kangcono imininingwane bese uyiqedela ekugcineni.
Ngalolu lwazi, uzokwazi kakade okuningi nge-meteorology nokubaluleka kokubheka kwayo ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli asiza ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu.
Cha, lo msakazo awubizwa ngokuthi yingxenye ngoba unikeza imininingwane yezulu (okungekho noyedwa obiza le ngxenye ngokuthi, kodwa isimo sezulu).
I-newscast ibizwa ngokuthi yingxenye, futhi kancane kancane, ngokuzuza njengefa emsakazweni kazwelonke waseSpain inkambiso nenkambiso yokuyinika, yokunikeza ingxenye esemthethweni yempi, yempi yombango eyaduma ngo-1936/1939, yayisakazwa nsuku zonke kusuka endlunkulu kaGeneralissimo Franco.
"Thula wena, bazokhipha umbiko!" Kwakuyikhwelo lokuvuka ngemuva kokuthi ucingo lokucacisa ngokwesiko lunikezwe yinoma ngubani onegunya elingaphezulu endlini, ukuze ukuthula kuvumele ukulalela izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zempi.
Impi yadlula, ithelevishini yafika (1956), inkambiso yahlala, iyiqiniso impela, yokubiza izindaba "ngengxenye"
Ezinsukwini zakudala zikaMariano Medina, akekho noyedwa owathi "wayeyindoda yeqembu", kodwa indoda yesikhathi leso.