Namuhla sizokhuluma ngokwakhiwa komhlaba okubizwa ngakho ufakazi gquma. Zakhiwa ngenxa yokuguguleka komhlaba futhi zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziyizicaba. Ngikuthathe njengobufakazi bokuhamba kwesikhathi se-retreat nokuvela komthambeka noma ipulatifomu. Inezici eziningana okufanele zikwazi njengoba ichaza okuncane ngamandla we-koqweqwe lomhlaba.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ukuthi liyini igquma lofakazi, izici zalo nokuthi libaluleke kangakanani kwi-geology.
Yini intaba yobufakazi
Kuyinto yokwakheka komhlaba ngenxa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi eminyakeni edlule. Sikhuluma ngesilinganiso se- isikhathi sokuma komhlaba ngakho-ke ngeke ihlolwe ngokwesilinganiso somuntu. Ufakazi wesithathu nguyena oveza ukuvela kokubheja noma kwepulatifomu endaweni eyisicaba. Lobuso siqukethe izingqimba enezingqimba zamadwala athambile futhi aqinile lapho ukuvunguza okuqhubekayo komoya kudale ukuguguleka okuguqule isimo sendawo.
Ezingxenyeni ezithambile zenhlabathi, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka kaningi. Imifula ibangela ukuguguleka komhlaba futhi yakha amagquma ahlukene nokunye ukwakheka. Uma ithafa liguguleka nhlangothi zonke, kwakheka okwaziwa njengegquma lofakazi. La magquma ahlala kulezi zindawo iminyaka eyizigidi eziningana.
Kwakhiwa kanjani
Lezi zakhiwo zokwakheka komhlaba ziqoshwa ukuguguleka futhi ibizwa ngegama lofakazi ngoba kungubufakazi bokunwetshwa kwakudala kwepulatifomu evundlile ebihlukanisiwe. Ukuguguleka okwenzekile ngenxa yemifula nemihosha ziyizendlalelo ezinzima kakhulu futhi ezithambile kakhulu ngokunye. La magquma ofakazi ahlukaniswa ukuphuma kwezikhukhula okubonakala ngengxenye engazelelwe eyakhiwa yidwala eliqinile nengxenye ethambile eyakhiwe ngedwala elithambile. Ingxenye enzima kunazo zonke ibizwa ngokuthi i-cornice kanti ingxenye ethambile kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi ithambeka.
Inja yokufakaza inephrofayili eguquguqukayo ye-concave futhi iyahluka ngokuya ngokuqina okwenziwa yingxenye yedwala eliqinile nengxenye yedwala elithambile. Lapho ukuguguleka okukhiqizwa yimifula kwanda, zonke izinhlangothi zenza igquma lofakazi livele nezintaba ezicabalele. Ngakho-ke, bangofakazi besikhulumi esasikhona kuleyo ndawo eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Okunye ukukhululeka okusalile iqoqo lezendlalelo ezinzima nezithambile ezihlelwe zibheke phezulu nokuthi ukuguguleka komhlaba kukwazile ukubaza.
Aphi amagquma ofakazi
Zivame kakhulu emachibini asezintabeni emifula ehlukene. Lezi zakhiwo zingatholakala entabeni yePilot, eNyakatho Carolina, eCerro de la Teta (eGuajira Peninsula) nasethafeni laseDori (eBurquina Faso). Ezweni lethu singakuthola nasezithombeni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengokucindezelwa komfula i-Ebro nasemabhodini asezintabeni asenkangala. EMadrid sineCerros de la Marañosa, eCerro de los Ángeles neBuenavista, esifundazweni sasePalencia, iCerro del Otero.
Sizochaza izici zeCerro de los Ángeles. Itholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayi-10 ukusuka eMadrid, kumasipala waseGetafe. Ngakho-ke uyithathe njengesikhungo sendawo yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia. Ngalesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu yize kungekho silinganiso sesayensi esisekelayo kanjalo. E-esplanade esicongweni saleli gquma kukhona indawo eyaziwa kakhulu kaNkk. De los Apóstoles. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthandana ngekhulu leshumi nane futhi kuyisikhumbuzo esilondolozwe kahle.
Emithambekeni yaleli gquma kunezihlahla ze-Aleppo zikaphayini, izinkundla zokudlala, inkundla yebhola likanobhutshuzwayo, izindlela ezahlukahlukene nendawo yepikiniki. Lokhu kwenza iCerro de los Ángeles ibe uhambo lwabavakashi olumnandi oluthinta imvelo. Isisekelo saso singamamitha ayi-610 futhi sifinyelela ubude bamamitha angama-666. Phezulu kakhulu i-vertex esezingeni lomhlaba. Kuhle ukukwazi ukubona yonke imibono yeGetafe, iMadrid kanye nezindawo ezisemakhaya ezizungeze umasipala.
Izici eziyinhloko
La magquma ofakazi angahlukaniswa njengentaba yesiqhingi. Isici salo esiyinhloko sigcinwe ngemuva kokuguguleka okuye kwasusa ezinye izinto eziseduze. Lezi zintaba zasesiqhingini zigcinwe zivikelekile ekugugulekeni ngenxa ye-lithology engazweli kakhulu. Ziwusizo impela ekwenzeni izifundo zokwakheka komhlaba ngoba yizo kuphela ezihlala zingezinye zokwakheka kokuma komhlaba okwakumboze isifunda phambilini. Ukuze wenze ibalazwe lesikhathi lokuthi umhlaba wonke uthuthuke kanjani ngemuva kokuguguleka komhlaba, kubalulekile ukwazi i-morphology yokukhululeka ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yobukhona bala magquma ofakazi kungenzeka ukuthi wazi.
Lezi zinqubo zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokujwayeleka kwezezimbiwa zijwayelekile kumandla wangaphandle womhlaba wethu. La magquma ofakazi abuye abonakale ngokuthi azungezwe ngamanzi, yingakho atholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nemifula esendaweni ephumela olwandle. Ngokwezifundo ezithile, lezi zingqinamba kufanele ukuthi zakheka phakathi kweminyaka engaphansi kwe-Lower Middle ne-Lower Miocene.
Lokhu kwakhiwa akuvame ukumbozwa ngeziduli ezibomvu ngoba sezivele zikhona kwi-sedimentation yaseMiocene. Uma uhlangabezana nenye inzika ebomvu, Kuzoba kuphela kumamitha okuqala ama-3 noma ama-4 egquma.
Igquma lofakazi kumele lehlukaniswe nama-moor ikakhulukazi ngosayizi. Ama-moor ajwayele ukunweba yonke insimu futhi aphakeme kakhulu. Umehluko wawo omkhulu ukuthi amagquma ofakazi ahlala yedwa futhi mancane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-páramo ihlanganisa i-ecosystem ephelele enezimila ze-shrub. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ihlukaniswe ngamagama e-biogeographic njengenkangala ngenxa yohlobo lwayo lohlaza. Kodwa-ke, igquma lofakazi alihlukanisiwe njenge-ecosystem.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngegquma lofakazi.