UCharles Lyell

UCharles Lyell

Ku-geology kube nososayensi abakhulu abenze imisebenzi emangalisayo, ngaleyo ndlela besiza ukuqhubekisela phambili nokufunda kabanzi ngomhlaba wethu. Phakathi kososayensi abavelele kakhulu esinabo UCharles Lyell. Ungu-geologist owayephethe ukusungula i-geology yesimanje futhi wenza okutholakele okukhulu okusize ukukhulisa ulwazi mayelana nokuthi iplanethi yethu isebenza kanjani. Wayengomunye wabamele abavelele kakhulu ngokufana kokuma komhlaba kanye nokuhamba kancane.

Kule ndatshana sizokhuluma nge-biography kaCharles Lyell, silandisa ngazo zonke izici ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakhe nokuthi yiziphi izinto azenzayo ukwenza i-geology ithuthuke kakhulu ngezikhathi zakhe.

Ukuqala kukaCharles Lyell

Usosayensi uCharles Lyell

Imayelana nendoda eyazalelwa eKinnordy, eScotland ngoNovemba 14, 1797. Wafunda ezomthetho e-University of Oxford, kodwa wanikela ngempilo yakhe kwi-geology. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, okukusiza kakhulu ukuthi uthuthuke futhi ukhule njengomuntu akuyona into oyifundayo, kodwa lokho okuthandayo. Ngokuzinikela kwakhe kwi-geology ngenxa yothando, wakwazi ukufeza izinto eziningi ezingenziwa ngokungathandeki. Phakathi kwabo, wakwazi ukushicilela i-Principles of Geology ngo-1833. Kuthathe imiqulu eminingana ukuqoqa lonke ulwazi ebelufakwe kulo.

ULyell wayesakhiwe ngesisekelo sabanye ososayensi banamuhla futhi ithisisi yakhe yayihambisana nobunye. Kuyo wavikela ukuthi uMhlaba wakhiwa kancane kusuka ezikhathini ezinde lapho izenzakalo ze-geological ezifana nalezo esizaziyo namuhla njenge ama-geological agents. Imayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba izintaba-mlilo, izikhukhula, ukuguguleka okuqhubekayo, njll.

Kule minyaka kwakukhona omunye umbono osabalele kakhulu ngokwakhiwa koMhlaba okwakuyinhlekelele. Lo mqondo wawuvikela ukuthi uMhlaba wakhiwe futhi wakhiwa ngochungechunge lwezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezenzeke esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, kepha lokho kwase kuguqule yonke into yasemhlabeni kanye nosizo.

Kwakuyizinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ezihlukene futhi bephakamisa umbono owahlukana nayo yonke into esungulwe ngalesi sikhathi kwakuyinto eyingozi kakhulu. Uma kungenjalo, tshela UGiordano Bruno. Kodwa-ke, encwadini yakhe ethi Principles of Geology, izingxenye ezimbalwa ebezichaza mqondo wakhe zigqamile.

Ubuqiniso, ukufana nokulinganisela okunamandla

Izimiso zokwakheka komhlaba

Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomqondo zichazwe ku-Principles of Geology. Enye yalezi zingxenye yayibizwa ngokuthi yiqiniso. Le yincazelo kaLyell ka izenzakalo ezedlule ezivela ezimbangela zokwakheka komhlaba okusebenze namuhla. Ngamanye amagama, ama-geological agents afana nokuguguleka komoya, okusiza ukuthuthwa kwezidalwa futhi asebenze ngokuqhubekayo, bakwazile ukuguqula ukukhululeka ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokwenza okuhamba kancane.

Uphinde wavikela ukuthi zonke izinto ezenzeka emhlabeni ziyalingana futhi zenzeka kancane kancane ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kwezinye eziyinhlekelele. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokufana. Izehlakalo eziyinhlekelele zibhekise ekuzamazameni komhlaba nasezintabeni-mlilo ezenzeke esikhathini esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nokwadala umonakalo kumhlaba womhlaba.

Ekugcineni, uvikela ukuthi umlando woMhlaba unikezwe ngu umjikelezo oqhubekayo lapho okwenziwa khona futhi kubhidlizwe impahla. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukulingana okunamandla. Lo mbono wokulingana okunamandla uyisisekelo ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa emhlabeni wezinto eziphilayo zonke izinqubo ze-geological morphogenesis ezinjengokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokucekelwa phansi komhlaba, zonke izehlakalo zentaba-mlilo nezesismism. Izitatimende ebizikhiqizile zivela ekubonweni kokuma komhlaba ebikwenzile phakathi nohambo olude ebiluthathe eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.

Imvelaphi yokuphila nokukhuthazwa

Ukufana kukaLyell

UCharles Lyell uphinde waphakamisa imibono ethile mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila emhlabeni wethu. Wacabanga ukuthi kube nezikhathi ezinde nezilandelanayo zokuqothulwa nokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kudalwa nokucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo zemvelo kwakubangelwa ukunyakaza okwatholwa amazwekazi futhi okwadala ushintsho olukhulu esimweni sezulu esathinta ukusinda kwalezi zinhlobo. Lokhu kwenzeke nokuthi lezi zinhlobo azikwazanga ukuncintisana nezinye izinhlobo noma ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esithe xaxa. Lapho lezi zinhlobo zifa, zathathelwa indawo ezinye ezavela ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa okusha nezimo zemvelo ezikhona mzuzu ngamunye emlandweni.

Ngenxa yalaba bafundi, umsebenzi kaCharles Lyell waphumelela kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kwasebenza njengesikhuthazo kososayensi abaningi, kufaka phakathi uCharles Darwin.

Ukuphefumulelwa kukaLyell ekubumbeni okuthunyelwe kungenxa kasosayensi uJames Hutton. Ufunde ngemvelaphi yoMhlaba kwiTheory of the Earth lapho uHutton athuthukise khona imibono ethile mayelana nokwakheka kweplanethi namandla aqhubeka nokuba nawo. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi inhlekelele iyahambisana nomqondo wokudalwa koMhlaba nokuchazwa kwawo ngokweBhayibheli.

ULyell wayebhekwa njengomunye wabasunguli be-stratigraphy, lapho bangaqala khona ukufunda izingqimba ezahlukahlukene zobuso bomhlaba. Wayengomunye wababhali bokuqala ukuhlukanisa imicu ngezifundo ezithile zemikhakha yasolwandle eyenziwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kulezi zingqimba, wafunda ama-mollusks anamagobolondo futhi wakwazi ukuhlukanisa okuhlukile izinhlobo zamadwala ngezikhathi ezintathu: Ucoce, iMiocene nePliocene.

Ukuhlonishwa nokuhamba kukaCharles Lyell

Imidwebo kaLyell

Ngonyaka ka-1827 kulapho ekwazile ukushiya ukuhweba kwakufanele akwazi ukuzinikela ngokuphelele kwi-geology. Wayeyilungu leRoyal Society, lapho angathuthukisa kangcono izifundo zakhe. Yize uJames Hutton ayeke washicilela phambilini ukuthi uMhlaba wakhiwa ngezenzo ezihamba kancane hhayi ushintsho olungazelelwe njengoba luvikelwe yinhlekelele, nguLyell owanikeza izincazelo ezicacisa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe washicilela incwadi eyayizoba yinkomba emkhakheni we-geology ne-stratigraphy. Imayelana ne- Izakhi ze-geology kwathi ngo-1863, washicilela incwadi yakhe yesithathu ebizwa ngokuthi Endulo yomuntu. Waqanjwa njengoSir futhi wathola izihlonipho eziningi ezihloniphekile empilweni yakhe yonke. Ushone ngoFebhuwari 22, 1875.

Ngiyethemba lolu lwazi lukusizile ukuthi uhlangane nomunye wabasunguli be-geology yanamuhla.


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