El i-polonium (Po) iyinsimbi ekhipha imisebe eyivelakancane eyivelakancane futhi eguquguquka kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokutholwa kwe-polonium yisazi sefiziksi sasePoland-French uMarie Curie ngo-1898, i-uranium ne-thorium yizona kuphela izakhi ezaziwayo ezinemisebe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokubaluleka kwe-polonium.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuyinto engavamile futhi eguquguqukayo kakhulu e-radioactive.. UCurie wayiqamba ngokuthi ipolonium ngendabuko yakubo yasePoland. I-Polonium ayisebenzi kangako kubantu ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezimbalwa ezisongelayo: Yasetshenziswa njengesiqalisi ebhomu le-athomu lokuqala nanjengophoyizeni okusolwayo ekufeni kwabantu abaningi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Ezicelweni zentengiso, i-polonium isetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile ukususa ugesi omile emishinini noma uthuli lwefilimu. Ingasetshenziswa futhi njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kumasathelayithi asemkhathini.
IPolonium ingeyeqembu 16 kanye nesikhathi sesi-6 sethebula le-periodic. Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, ihlukaniswa njengensimbi ngoba ukuqhutshwa kwe-polonium kuncipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.
Lesi sici sinzima kakhulu kuma-chalcogens, iqoqo lezakhi ezaziwa nangokuthi "iqembu le-oxygen." Wonke ama-chalcogens akhona ku-ore yethusi. Ezinye izakhi eqenjini le-chalcogen zifaka umoya-mpilo, isulfure, i-selenium, ne-tellurium.
Kunama-isotopi aziwayo angama-33 alesi sakhi samakhemikhali (ama-athomu e-elementi efanayo anezinombolo ezahlukene zama-neutron), futhi wonke anemisebe. Ukungaqini kahle kwe-radioactive yale elementi kuyenza ibe ikhandidethi elifanele lebhomu le-athomu.
Izici Zomzimba zePolonium
- Inombolo ye-athomu (inombolo yama-proton ku-nucleus): 84
- Uphawu lwe-athomu (kuthebula le-periodic lezinto): Po
- Isisindo se-athomu (isilinganiso sesisindo se-athomu): 209
- Ukuminyana: 9.32 amagremu cubic centimeter ngayinye
- Isigaba ekamelweni lokushisa: Kuqinile
- Iphuzu elincibilikayo: 489.2 degrees Fahrenheit (254 degrees Celsius)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 1,763.6 degrees F (962 degrees C)
- I-isotopu evame kakhulu: I-Po-210 enesigamu sempilo yezinsuku eziyi-138 kuphela
Ukutholwa
Lapho uCurie nomyeni wakhe, uPierre Curie, bethola lesi sici, babefuna umthombo we-radioactivity i-uranium ecebile ngokwemvelo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pitchblende. Laba bobabili baphawule ukuthi i-pitchblende engalungisiwe yayinomsakazo omningi kune-uranium eyayihlukanisiwe nayo. Ngakho bacabanga ukuthi i-pitchblende kufanele ukuthi iphethe okungenani enye into eyodwa ekhipha imisebe.
AbakwaCuries bathenge amashaji e-pitchblende ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngamakhemikhali izinhlanganisela namaminerali. Ngemva kwezinyanga zokuzikhandla, ekugcineni bahlukanisa isici esikhipha imisebe: into ekhipha imisebe ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-400 kune-uranium, ngokwe-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Ukukhishwa kwe-Polonium kwakuyinselele ngoba kwakukhona inani elincane; ithani elilodwa le-uranium ore liqukethe kuphela ama-micrograms ayi-100 (0,0001 amagremu) we-polonium. Kodwa-ke, amaCuries akwazile ukukhipha isotopu manje esiyazi ngokuthi i-Po-209, ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry.
Itholakala kuphi
Imikhondo ye-Po-210 ingatholakala emhlabathini nasemoyeni. Isibonelo, i-Po-210 ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwegesi ye-radon 222, okuwumphumela wokubola kwe-radium.
I-Radium yona iwumkhiqizo obolile we-uranium, okhona cishe kuwo wonke amadwala nenhlabathi eyakhiwe ngamadwala. Ulwelwe lungamunca i-polonium ngokuqondile emkhathini. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, abantu abadla ama-reindeer bangase babe namazinga aphezulu e-polonium egazini labo ngenxa yokuthi ama-reindeer adla ulele, ngokusho kwe-Smithsonian.com.
Kubhekwa njengento engavamile yemvelo. Nakuba ikhona ku-uranium ore, akukona ukonga ukumba imayini ngoba kukhona cishe ama-micrograms ayi-100 we-polonium ethanini elilodwa (0,9 metric tons) ye-uranium ore, ngokusho kwe-Jefferson Lab. Kunalokho, i-polonium yenziwa nge-bombarding bismuth 209, isotope ezinzile, nama-neutron kumareactor enyukliya.
Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, lokhu kukhiqiza i-radioactive bismuth 210, ebese ibola ibe ipolonium ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubola kwe-beta. I-US Nuclear Regulatory Commission ilinganisela ukuthi umhlaba ukhiqiza kuphela amagremu ayi-100 (3,5 ounces) e-polonium-210 ngonyaka.
Sebenzisa
Ngenxa ye-radioactivity ephezulu, ipolonium inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa zokuthengisa. Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwale elementi kubandakanya ukukhipha ugesi omile emishinini nokukhipha uthuli kumaroli efilimu.
Kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza, i-polonium kufanele ivalwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvikelwe umsebenzisi. Isici siphinde sisetshenziswe njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kumasathelayithi nakweminye imikhumbi-mkhathi.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ipolonium ibola ngokushesha, ikhiphe amandla amaningi njengokushisa kule nqubo. Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, igremu elilodwa kuphela likapholoni elifinyelela izinga lokushisa elingu-500 degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit) lapho yehliswe isithunzi.
Ibhomu le-athomu
Maphakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-Army Corps of Engineers yaqala ukuhlela i-Manhattan District of Engineers, uhlelo oluyimfihlo yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa olwaluzogcina lukhiqize izikhali zenuzi zokuqala emhlabeni.
Ngaphambi kwawo-1940, sasingekho isizathu sokuyihlukanisa ihlanzekile noma ikhiqizwe ngobuningi ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakungaziwa futhi kuncane kakhulu okwakwaziwa ngakho. Kodwa onjiniyela besifunda baqala ukufunda i-polonium, eyaba isithako esibalulekile ezikhalini zabo zenuzi. Ngokusho kwe-Atomic Heritage Foundation, inhlanganisela ye-polonium nenye into eyivelakancane, i-beryllium, iqale ibhomu. Ngemva kwempi, uhlelo lokucwaninga nge-polonium lwadluliselwa e-Mound Laboratory eMiamisburg, e-Ohio. Yaqedwa ngo-1949, i-Mound Lab yaba isikhungo sokuqala esihlala unomphela seKhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic sokwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi.
ubuthi be-polonium
I-Polonium inobuthi kubantu, ngisho namanani amancane kakhulu. Umuntu wokuqala owabulawa ubuthi be-polonium cishe kwakuyindodakazi kaMarie Curie, u-Irene Joriot-Curie.
Ngo-1946, i-polonium capsule yaqhuma ebhentshini lakhe laselabhu, okungenzeka ukuthi yimbangela yokuba abe ne-leukemia futhi wafa eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva. I-Polonium poisoning nayo yabangela ukufa kuka-Alexander Litvinenko, owayeyinhloli yaseRussia owayehlala eLondon ngo-2006 ngemva kokufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa kwezombusazwe.
Kuphinde kwasolwa ubuthi ekufeni komholi wasePalestine u-Yasser Arafat ngo-2004, ngesikhathi kutholakala izinga eliphezulu ngendlela eshaqisayo ye-polonium-210 engutsheni yakhe, kubika i-Wall Street Journal.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-polonium nezici zayo.