Sikhuluma ngosebe lwama-euro omfula sibhekisela ogwini noma usebe lwamanzi amaningi. Yindawo yomhlaba eseduze nolwandle, ulwandle, ichibi, imifula, imifudlana, njll. Kungashiwo ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nesikhala soguquko phakathi kwemvelo yasemanzini kanye nemvelo yomhlaba eseduze. I osebeni lwemifula Ziwuphawu lokuba nezimila ezihlukile kanye nomsebenzi omuhle ohlelweni lwendalo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nosebe lomfula, uhlaza lwazo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo.
Utshani osebeni lomfula
Uhlaza osebeni lomfula luthintwa ngokujulile izici ezibonakalayo zomfula, ukushuba kanye nemvamisa yomfula, indlela, ukuguguleka nomthamo wokuthutha, kanye nosayizi wokusanhlamvu wenhlabathi lapho ukugeleza kwawo kuncike khona.
Ulwazi oluphelele osebeni lomfula umfula kufanele usekelwe ezicini zendawo okuzo (isakhiwo esivundlile), kanye nezinhlobo ezisihlanganisayo kanye nobukhulu bazo (isakhiwo esimile), kanye nendawo yazo emfuleni kanye nokuvela kwazo okulindelekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Esakhiweni esime mpo, ihlathi le-Riparian libonisa inhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi, eyakhiwe yi-strata elandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okukhulu kakhulu:
- Isendlalelo sesihlahla- Imvamisa kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo, kodwa kuvame ukubuswa uhlobo olulodwa kungqimba ngayinye.
- Uhlaka lwesihlahla: Yakhiwa izibungu zezihlahla ezingaphezulu kanye nezinye izitshalo ezinde ezinokhuni zengezwe.
- I-Strub stratum: Izici eziyinhloko zezihlahla ezithanda ilanga ezihlotshaniswa nosebe lomfula zenza lolu hlaka lubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanzeni nasemaphethelweni angaphandle amahlathi.
- Isendlalelo se-Herbaceous: ngokuvamile ithuthuke kahle ngaphakathi kwehlathi, elakhiwe i-Albizia julibrissin, futhi inothile ngezitshalo zakuqala ze-phenological geological.
- Ukwakhiwa kwe-Lianoid: Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwayo okuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele zaseSpain, kubonakala kakhulu emahlathini asemfuleni.
- I-Epiphytic stratum: ngokuvamile kwakhiwa ubulembu kuphela, ama-liverworts nama- lichens, cishe ahlala echichima futhi ehlukahlukene.
Riverside izinzuzo
Imisebenzi yezemvelo kanye nezinkonzo ezihlinzekwa osebeni lomfula zihlukene:
- Balawula i-microclimate yomfula: ukwenzeka kwawo kuwumphumela wokulawulwa kwezimila ezingasogwini zezimo zezulu eziyisisekelo zemvelo kanye nomthelela wobuso bamanzi omfula.
- Basiza ukulawula ukuma kanye namandla emifula: ngokusebenzisa ikhono layo lokusekela ukwakheka kwezitshalo.
- Ziyizindawo ezikahle zokuhlala kwenani elikhulu lezitshalo nezilwane: ngenxa yezimo ezikhethekile ze-microclimate kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhi.
- Zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlunga ukuvimbela ukungena kwenhlabathi nokungcola emanzini: Zithandwa ngendawo yazo endaweni kanye nokuma kokukhululeka, izinqubo ze-hydrological kanye ne-biological isici semvelo engasemfuleni.
- Asebenza njengezindawo zokuqoqa amanzi, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinsalela: ukugeleza okukhona kwezinto kanye namandla kuhlobene nokugeleza kwezinto kanye namandla akhiqizwa endaweni efanele yasemanzini.
- Zisebenza njengezindawo zokuphinda zigcwalise imizimba yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba: ngoba ziyizindawo zokuqongelela amanzi, izinto eziphilayo kanye nenhlabathi.
- Zinenani elibalulekile lendawo.
Igama elithi 'ribera' akumele lididaniswe nelithi 'ribera', okusho ukuthi umfudlana, okuwumfudlana wemvelo wamanzi ovame ukugeleza ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa lawo, ngokungafani nomfula, onokugeleza okuncane futhi angase anyamalale ngenkathi eyomile.
Amahlathi ahlobene
Amahlathi angasogwini ayizinto eziphilayo ezihlala ziluhlaza ezikhula ngasemanzini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo zigcina umswakama wenhlabathi ngezikhathi ezahlukene zonyaka. Ziyizinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo emkhathini nangesikhathi. Izinguquko zendawo zibonakala ezinguqukweni zesakhiwo sehlathi esime mpo, esivundlile nesiqondile. Izinguquko zesikhathi zingahlotshaniswa nezehlakalo zesizini noma ezingahleliwe.
Bakha indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo: zifaka izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe-morphology, i-physiology kanye nokuguquguquka kokuzala, okubavumela ukuthi baphile emhlabathini ogcwele izikhukhula. Ziyizindawo zokuhlala, iziphephelo kanye namaphasishi ezilwane eziningi. Yini enye, Zibalulekile ukugcina izinga lemvelo ngoba ziyangenelela ekubanjweni kwemisoco engcolisa amanzi emanzini nasezinsaleni. Ngalesi sizathu, ziyizinhlelo zemvelo ezingasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukukhucululwa kwemvelo kwezindawo ezingcolile.
Amahlathi asemfuleni ahlanganisa imiphakathi yezitshalo ehlukahlukene futhi ekhiqizayo. Zikhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala kanye ne-microclimates, futhi zisekela inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezindawo ezikude futhi basebenze njengamaphasishi emvelo enza kube lula ukuhlakazeka kwabantu kanye nokugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla nezinto ezihlinzekwa amahlathi kubalulekile ukugcina inethiwekhi yezakhi zasemanzini. Amaqabunga, amagatsha, nezingodo eziwela emifuleni nasemifudlaneni ziyobanjwa izihlahla namadwala awile. Ahlinzeka ngokudla nendawo yokukhosela izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, izinambuzane, njll., futhi zakha isisekelo sesizinda sokudla sezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Imisebenzi yamahlathi asemfuleni
Amahlathi angasogwini adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-microclimate yemifula nemifudlana ngokulawula amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ezimweni ezishisa kakhulu noma ezinkathini zonyaka, amahlathi azohlukanisa imisebe yelanga, amazinga okushisa aphansi amanzi, futhi ngenxa yalokho anciphise ukuhwamuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezinkathini zonyaka, amahlathi agcina ukushisa okuvela enhlabathini nasemizimbeni yamanzi, okugcina amanzi esezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme.
Amahlathi angasogwini abaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokukhucululwa kwemvelo kanye nokugcinwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi emfuleni. Asusa inzika emanzini futhi ahlukanise, ahlunge noma aguqule izakhamzimba nokunye ukungcola.
Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zisusa ama-nitrate amaningi emanzini, iningi lawo elivela ezenzweni zezolimo ezingasimame. Izinqubo ezihilelekile kule ngxenye yomjikelezo we-nitrogen i-denitrification kanye nokuthathwa kwe-nitrate yizitshalo.
I-Denitrification ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali e-nitrate ku-nitrogen ngendlela ye-nitrogen yamangqamuzana noma ama-nitrogen oxides. Ngakho-ke, I-nitrogen encibilikisiwe emanzini iyasuswa futhi ikhishwe emkhathini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-nitrate emuncwa izitshalo ingavela emhlabathini noma emanzini. Bayihlanganisa ezicubu zabo futhi bayiguqule ibe yi-plant biomass. Ngale ndlela, i-nitrogen ihlukaniswa ne-culture medium futhi igcinwe isikhathi eside. Zombili lezi zindlela zinciphisa inani le-nitrogen etholakalayo encibilike emanzini.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nosebe lomfula kanye nezici zabo.