Enye yezintaba ezaziwa kakhulu kuwo wonke amasiko athandwayo yi I-Kilimanjaro. Yintaba-mlilo ephindwe kathathu enezintathu ezinentaba-mlilo. Ngamunye uthathwa njengesiqongo futhi waziwa ngamagama kaKibo, Mawenzi, noShira. Kulezi ziqongo ezintathu, iKibo iphakeme kunazo zonke. Itholakala e-Afrika futhi iyintaba ephakeme kunazo zonke ezwenikazi lonke ngokuphakama kwamamitha angu-3 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Yaziwa njengentaba ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, ukwakheka nokuqhuma kweKilimanjaro.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwaxoxwa ngawo ngososayensi bokuma komhlaba kanye nezazi zezintaba-mlilo ukuthi ngabe iKilimanjaro iyintaba-mlilo engasekho noma elele. Ihlukaniswe njengendawo engasebenzi. Ingahunyushwa ngokuthi ilele futhi isho uhlobo lwentaba-mlilo engakaze iqhume isikhathi eside kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ibingenza njalo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Lokho kusho intaba-mlilo elele. Kusho ukuthi, yize ingaqhumanga, ingakwenza lokho noma nini. Akuqothulwanga.
Intaba-mlilo engasebenzi ingaqhubeka nokuzwa amagesi noma ukuqhuma. Ngokuphambene nalokho, intaba-mlilo engasekho ayisenayo i- magma eyanele ukuthi ikwazi ukuyikhipha. Endabeni yeKilimanjaro siyathola izigaxa zeMawenzi neShira njengeziqongo ezimbili ezingasekho. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayisenayo i-magma eyanele ukuthi ikwazi ukuxosha ukuqhuma. Kodwa-ke, iKilimanjaro isiyonke isese ibhekwe njengengasebenzi njengoba isiqongo seKibo sisakhipha igesi.
I-Kilimanjaro yonke yakhiwa yi-stratovolcano noma i-volcano eyinhlanganisela. Lolu wuhlobo lwentaba-mlilo olwakhiwe ngokunqwabelana kokugeleza okuhlukahlukene kwezinto ezazisiqina. Lezi zinto ikakhulukazi umlotha ne-pumice. IKibo Peak iyimpondo emaphakathi futhi ukuphela kwayo okusebenzayo kuze kube manje. Ngokwendawo sasiyithola eTanzania, etholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-330 eningizimu ye-Equator futhi eduze komngcele neKenya. Le ntaba iphakama ngaphezu kwethafa kanti elinye lamathambeka alo limbozwe ngamahlathi enza umehluko omuhle kuwo wonke amathafa asethafeni elizungezile.
Njengoba iKilimanjaro inokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-5.000 XNUMX, ngesikhathi sasebusika imvamisa iba neziqongo zeqhwa. Kulapha lapho kunikelwa khona enye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Futhi singabona iqhwa ne-savanna endaweni efanayo. Le ntaba futhi inelinye lamakhasi e-ice phezulu enesisindo esikhulu, kepha iyancipha ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-Kilimanjaro ilahlekelwe cishe u-80% wayo wonke iqhwa kusukela ngo-1912.
Ukwakhiwa kweKilimanjaro
Le ntaba itholakala eceleni komngcele wepuleti lohlobo lwe-tectonic. Lolu hlobo lwepuleti le-tectonic yilona elihlukanisa inzalo futhi liyakwazi ukuvumela i-magma ukuthi ivele ezindaweni ezijulile. Ngakho-ke ukwakhiwa kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokuqondile iKilimanjaro itholakala ekuqhekekeni kweMpumalanga Afrika. Le ndawo yaziwa njengokuqhekeka lapho i-tectonic plate yase-Afrika ihlukana kancane kancane ibe amapuleti amabili ahlukene. Kuyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi yakhiwa emngceleni osebenza ngokuma komhlaba. Lapha kule mikhawulo imagma ihamba kuwo wonke umphetho womhlaba ize inyukele phezulu.
Ukwakhiwa kweKilimanjaro kwenzeka eminyakeni engaphansi kwesigidi esisodwa edlule. Konke lokhu kukhula kwaphela cishe eminyakeni engama-300.000 edlule. Konke kwaqala ngokuqhuma kanye nomsebenzi wayo kaShira cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2.5 edlule. Ngesikhathi se- I-Pliocene yonke imisebenzi yentabamlilo yenzeka futhi yaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.9 edlule. Sekuvele lapho cishe eminyakeni eyi-1 million edlule izintaba zaseKibo naseMawenzi zaqala ukwethula izinto ezivela ngaphakathi komhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthuthukiswa kweKilimanjaro kwenzeke ngesikhathi se- I-Pleistocene. Isimo sezulu salesi sikhathi singanqunywa ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezinjengokutadisha amazinga amachibi, ukugeleza kwemifula, izinhlelo zezindunduma, ubukhulu bezinguzunga zeqhwa nokufundwa kwempova. Kusuka ku- quaternary Sekube neminyaka engu-21 enkulu yeqhwa eye yazwakala naseMpumalanga Afrika. Iminonjana yokuphola kwesimo sezulu sale ndawo yonke ingatholakala eKilimanjaro.
Isimo sezulu sikhombisa ukuthi zonke iziqu zezinto eziphilayo zazihlukanisiwe futhi zohlobo lwe-alpine olunezimbali nezilwane ezifanayo. Kusho ukuthi i-ecosystem ibikade ibanzi futhi iphansi ukuphakama ekuqaleni. Kamuva, ngokwakhiwa kweziqongo, yonke imvelo yashintshwa futhi izinhlobo zadingeka zivumelane.
Amarowu
Yize sesivele sishilo ukuthi iKibo ukuphela kwayo ekwaziyo ukuqhuma, nakanjani izonikeza usuku olulodwa. Umsebenzi wokuqhuma owenzeka eKilimanjaro Kungabonwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2.5 edlule kusuka kusigaxa seShira. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, njengamanje akukho ukuqhuma okungaziwa komlando wale ntaba-mlilo. Umsebenzi wehlisiwe kakhulu, kuphela amanye ama-fumaroles abaleka emgodini weKibo. Ngenxa yalokhu fumaroles, okunye ukudilika komhlaba nokuwa komhlaba kwenzeke kodwa akubalulekanga kangako.
Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwentaba-mlilo kungenzeka kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-100.000 XNUMX edlule. Umsebenzi wokugcina omkhulu wentaba-mlilo uqoshwe cishe iminyaka engama-200. Yize uShira noMawenzi sebengasekho ngokuphelele, ososayensi bacwaninga ngale ntaba-mlilo futhi abakuvumeli ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ngelinye ilanga uKibo angaqhuma. Kodwa-ke, akuyona intaba-mlilo enanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwengozi, ngakho-ke ungakujabulela ngokuphelele konke okwenziwa yizwe. Yilapha kuphela lapho singabona khona umehluko phakathi kweqhwa ne-savanna.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngeNtaba iKilimanjaro nazo zonke izici zayo.