I-Iceland, izwe elineqhwa nomlilo, iyipharadesi elingokwemvelo. Amandla abandayo ezinguzunga zeqhwa nesimo sezulu se-arctic angqubuzana nokushisa okushisayo komhlaba. Umphumela uba izwe elinokwehluka okumangazayo ebuhleni obungenakuqhathaniswa bendawo ewugwadule. Ngaphandle kwezintaba-mlilo zase-Iceland, konke lokhu akunakwenzeka. Amandla we izintaba-mlilo e-Iceland Ingachaza imvelo yalelizwe kangcono kunanoma iyiphi enye intaba-mlilo, idale amasimu angapheli ambozwe udaka lwentaba-mlilo, amathafa amakhulu esihlabathi esimnyama, neziqongo zezintaba ezimangelengele kanye nemigodi emikhulu.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezintaba-mlilo e-Iceland nezici zazo nokubaluleka kwazo.
Izintaba-mlilo e-Iceland
Amandla entaba-mlilo angaphansi komhlaba nawo adale ezinye zezimangaliso ezidume kakhulu zezwe, njenge iziphethu ezishisayo zemvelo namagiza aqhumayo. Ukwengeza, imiphumela yokuqhuma kwesikhathi esidlule ingabonakala emaweni akhiwe imigede ye-lava ene-sinuous kanye nezinsika ze-basalt ezine-hexagonal.
Izinkulungwane zabantu zathutheleka e-Iceland ukuze zibone izintaba-mlilo zayo kanye nezimangaliso ezizenzile futhi ezisaqhubeka nokudala. Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, kufanele silangazelele kakhulu ithuba lokukwenza bona esinye sezenzakalo ezimangalisa kakhulu nezimangalisayo emhlabeni. Uma sicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile kuhlobo lwe-Iceland kanye nesimo semboni ngisho nemvelo yezwe, sihlanganise lo mhlahlandlela ogunyaziwe wezintaba-mlilo zase-Iceland, futhi sethemba ukuthi ungaphendula yonke imibuzo ongase uzibuze yona. amandla alezi zintaba-mlilo.
Bangaki?
E-Iceland, kunezintaba-mlilo ezingaba ngu-130 nezintaba-mlilo ezithule. Kunezinhlelo ezingaba ngu-30 zentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ngaphansi kwesiqhingi, ngaphandle kwaseWest Fjords, ezweni lonke.
Isizathu sokuthi i-West Fjords ingasenayo intaba-mlilo ukuthi iyingxenye endala yezwe lase-Icelandic, Yakhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-16 edlule futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yanyamalala ku-Mid-Atlantic Range. Ngakho-ke, iWest Fjords ukuphela kwendawo yezwe edinga ugesi ukushisisa amanzi esikhundleni samanzi ashisayo.
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo e-Iceland ungenxa yendawo yezwe ngqo onqenqemeni olumaphakathi ne-Atlantic oluhlukanisa amapuleti etectonic aseNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasian. I-Iceland ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa emhlabeni lapho lolu gquma lubonakala khona ngaphezu kolwandle. Lawa ma-tectonic plate ahlukene, okusho ukuthi bahlukene omunye komunye. Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-magma esembathweni izobonakala igcwalisa isikhala esakhiwayo futhi ibonakale ngesimo sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Lesi simo senzeka eduze kwezintaba futhi singabonwa kwezinye iziqhingi ezinentaba-mlilo, njenge-Azores noma i-Santa Elena.
I-Mid-Atlantic Range inqamula yonke i-Iceland, empeleni iningi lesiqhingi lisezwekazini laseMelika. Kunezindawo eziningi kuleli zwe lapho kungase kubonakale khona amagquma ayingxenye, okuhlanganisa neNhlonhlo YaseReykjanes kanye nesifunda saseMývatn, kodwa ehamba phambili yiThingvellir. Lapho, ungadabula izigodi phakathi kwezingcwecwe futhi ubone ngokucacile izindonga zamazwekazi amabili nhlangothi zombili zesiqiwu. Ngenxa yokuhlukana phakathi kwamapuleti, lesi sigodi sikhula cishe ngo-2,5 cm unyaka ngamunye.
Imvamisa yokuqhuma
Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo e-Iceland akubikezeleki, kodwa kwenzeka njalo uma kuqhathaniswa. Akukaze kube neminyaka eyishumi kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX ngaphandle kokuqhuma, nakuba amathuba okuthi zenzeke ngokushesha noma ngokusabalele azenzekele.
Ukuqhuma kokugcina okwaziwayo e-Iceland kwenzeka e-Holuhraun e-Highlands ngo-2014. U-Grímsfjall uphinde waqopha ukuqhuma okufushane ngo-2011, kuyilapho intaba-mlilo edume kakhulu i-Eyjafjallajökull yadala izinkinga ezinkulu ngo-2010. Isizathu sokuthi igama elithi 'yaziwa' lisetshenziswe kungenxa ye izinsolo zokuthi kube neziqhumane eziningi zentaba-mlilo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe ezingazange ziphule iqhwa, okuhlanganisa iKatla ngo-2017 kanye ne-Hamelin ngo-2011.
Okwamanje, usongo ekuphileni komuntu ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo e-Iceland luncane kakhulu. Iziteshi zokuzamazama komhlaba ezisabalele ezweni lonke zinhle kakhulu ekuzibikezeleni. Uma izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu njengeKatla noma i-Askja zikhombisa izimpawu zokuduma, ukufinyelela endaweni kuzovinjelwa futhi indawo izoqashwa ngeso elibukhali.
Ngenxa yonembeza omuhle wezifiki zokuqala, intaba-mlilo eqhuma kakhulu ikude ne-nucleus ehlala abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, kunamadolobha ambalwa ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Iceland, ngoba izintaba-mlilo ezinjengeKatla ne-Eyjafjallajökull zitholakala enyakatho. Ngoba lezi ziqongo zitholakala ngaphansi kweqhwa, ukuqhuma kwawo kuzodala izikhukhula ezinkulu zeqhwa, ezingakhukhula yonke into esendleleni eya olwandle.
Yilokhu okwenza iningi laseNingizimu libukeke njengogwadule lwesihlabathi esimnyama. Eqinisweni, iyithafa elakhiwe ngama-glacial deposits.
Ingozi yezintaba-mlilo e-Iceland
Ngenxa yokungabikezeli kwazo, lezi zikhukhula zeqhwa, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-jökulhlaups, noma iSpanishi ngesi-Icelandic, zisengenye yezici eziyingozi kakhulu zentaba-mlilo yase-Iceland. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuqhuma ngaphansi kweqhwa akubonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho lezi zikhukhula zingenzeka ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.
Yiqiniso, isayensi iqhubeka njalo, futhi manje, Uma nje kunokungabaza okuncane kokuthi isichotho singase sibe khona, ungakwazi ukuphuma futhi uqaphe indawo. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacile, akuvunyelwe ukushayela emigwaqweni evinjelwe, ngisho nasehlobo noma lapho kubonakala sengathi akukho ngozi.
Nakuba izintaba-mlilo eziningi zikude nezindawo eziminyene, izingozi zihlala zenzeka. Kulezi zimo, nokho, izindlela eziphuthumayo zase-Iceland zibonakale zisebenza kahle kakhulu, njengoba kwabonakala ngokuqhuma kwe-1973 e-Heimaey e-Vestman Islands.
I-Hemai ukuphela kwesiqhingi esihlala abantu e-Vestman Islands, iqoqo leziqhingi ezinentaba-mlilo. Lapho intaba-mlilo iqhuma, kwahlala abantu abangu-5.200 XNUMX lapho. Ekuseni ngo-January 22, kwaqala ukuqhekeka emaphethelweni edolobha futhi kwadabula enkabeni yedolobha, kwacekela phansi imigwaqo futhi kwagubuzela amakhulu ezakhiwo zodaka.
Nakuba kwenzeka ebusuku kakhulu nasebusika, ukukhishwa kwesiqhingi kwenziwa ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Lapho izakhamuzi zifika ngokuphepha, amaqembu abatakuli asebenzisana namasosha ase-US amiswe ezweni ukuze anciphise umonakalo.
Ngokulokhu bempompa amanzi olwandle ekugelezeni kwe-lava, abagcinanga nje ngokukwazi ukukuqondisa kabusha kude nezindlu eziningi, kodwa futhi bavimbele ukuba livale itheku, kuqede umnotho wesiqhingi unomphela.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezintaba-mlilo e-Iceland nezici zazo.