I-lithosphere yakhiwa isambatho esingenhla kanye noqweqwe lwasolwandle noma lwezwekazi, ngakho-ke kufanele sihlukanise phakathi kwe-oceanic lithosphere kanye ne-continental lithosphere. I-lithosphere ihlukana ibe izingxenye ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zamapuleti e-lithospheric aqinile futhi azinzile, atholakala endaweni yejubane eliphansi lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba (ngaphambilini ayeyi-asthenosphere) futhi anokuziphatha kwepulasitiki okuvuna ukunyakaza kwawo okubangelwa yi-convection.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nezinhlobo eziyinhloko zamapuleti e-lithospheric akhona nokuthi yiziphi izici zawo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Amapuleti e-tectonic ayingxenye ehlukile eqinile futhi e-homogeneous lapho i-lithosphere, uqweqwe olungaphandle, olungahlukaniswa, olulengiswe ku-mantle yasemhlabeni engaphezulu (noma i-asthenosphere), futhi uketshezi lwazo oluyi-semi-liquid luvumela ukuthi lunyakaze noma lunyakaze.
Ukuhamba kwala mapuleti e-lithosphere kulandela incazelo ye-plate tectonics, inkolelo-mbono yesayensi eyaqala phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi. ingachaza izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba kanye nezindawo ezinjengokwakheka kwezintaba, ukuzamazama komhlaba nezintaba-mlilo.
Ngokwalo mbono, amapuleti e-tectonic ahlukene akhona anyakaza njengezihlenga emgqonyeni wengubo, ehlikihla, engqubuzana futhi edudulana, emkhakheni we-geological tension.
Ubufakazi obuhle kakhulu balokhu bubonakala buwukuthi ukuma kwamanje kwamazwekazi kusivumela ukuba sicabange ukuthi ahlanganiswa njengezingcezu zephazili ezigidini zeminyaka edlule ukuze akhe izwekazi elikhulu elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi iPangea. Ukunyakaza kwe-tectonic okuqhubekayo kwahlukanisa amazwekazi ekusabalaliseni kwawo kwamanje.
Ukuma kanye nomsebenzi wamapuleti e-tectonic
Izwekazi lingaba ingxenye ebonakalayo yepuleti elilodwa noma amaningana e-tectonic. Amapuleti e-Tectonic aqinile, akhonkolo, futhi aqinile, kodwa eza ngezindlela ezihlukene, izinto ezingalungile, nokuqina. Azihambisani nokuma kwamazwekazi esiwamele kumephu, ngoba izwekazi elifanayo lingaba ingxenye ebonakalayo kuphela (eyembulwe ngamanzi) yepuleti elilodwa noma amaningana aseduze.
Kunamapuleti e-tectonic amaningi aziwayo, okukhona kuwo cishe amapuleti amakhulu (amakhulu) angaba ngu-15 kanye namapuleti amancane angaba ngu-42. Izinqubo ekujuleni koMhlaba ziwumphumela we-plate tectonic dynamics. Njengoba inhliziyo yeplanethi yethu iwuketshezi futhi yenziwe ngezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezincibilikisiwe, amapuleti e-tectonic akha izingqimba zangaphandle nezibandayo zeplanethi, ngakho-ke, zinamandla. Lapho i-magma engaphansi komhlaba iqhuma (njengentaba-mlilo), izakhi zamakhemikhali ezintsha ziphonswa phezulu.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamapuleti e-tectonic
I-North American Plate itholakala eduze nezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Kunamapuleti amakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu aziwayo:
- Ipuleti lase-Afrika. Isatshalaliswa kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika.
- I-Antarctic plate. Itholakala ezwenikazi lase-Antarctic futhi eduze ne-Antarctica.
- Ipuleti lase-Arabia. Itholakala eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
- Ipuleti likakhukhunathi. Itholakala ogwini lwasePacific eMelika Ephakathi.
- Ipuleti leNazca. Itholakala oLwandlekazi iPacific, emngceleni wogu lwasePeru, eChile nase-Ecuador.
- Ipuleti laseCaribbean. Kuyo yonke iCaribbean, enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika.
- I-Pacific plate. Itholakala maphakathi nePacific Ocean, isemngceleni weNazca, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Indo-Australian, Philippine, kanye namapuleti aseNyakatho Melika.
- Ipuleti le-Eurasian. Isatshalaliswa kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu kanye neningi lase-Asia.
- Philippine plate. Indawo yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia etholakala eziqhingini zasePhilippine.
- Ipuleti lamaNdiya. eNdiya nasemazweni angomakhelwane.
- Amapuleti ase-Australia noma ama-Indo-Australian. Itholakala engxenyeni enkulu ye-Oceania kanye namanzi aseduze kwayo.
- I-plaque kaJuan de Fuca. Itholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-United States.
- Ipuleti laseNyakatho Melika. Itholakala eNyakatho Melika, eGreenland, e-Iceland, nasezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yeRussia.
- ipuleti Scotia. Itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika futhi isemngceleni weSouth Pole.
- Ipuleti yaseNingizimu Melika. Ihlanganisa izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika kanye nezingxenye zendawo yalo eziseduze noLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.
Izinhlobo zamapuleti e-tectonic nezici zawo
Amapuleti ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa i-oceanic kanye ne-continental crust. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti e-tectonic, kuye ngokuthi i-crust ingawakuphi:
- amapuleti olwandle. Lawa acishe ambozwe ngokuphelele ngamanzi olwandle (ngaphandle kwesiqhingi esagcina sivele, isithabathaba sentaba-mlilo ngaphakathi kwepuleti), futhi ukwakheka kwazo ikakhulukazi izinsimbi: insimbi ne-magnesium.
- Amapuleti ahlanganisiwe: Lezi zihlanganisa uqweqwe lwasolwandle kanye nezwekazi, ngakho ukwakheka kwazo kuhluke kakhulu.
Imingcele phakathi kwepuleti eyodwa ye-tectonic nenye ibonakala ngezindlela ezintathu ezingenzeka:
- imikhawulo ehlukene. Ngenxa yokucindezela kwe-magma engaphansi komhlaba eyavela, amapuleti asuka komunye nomunye, enza izingxenye ezintsha zoqweqwe njengoba ephola.
- Imikhawulo yokuguqula. Amapuleti e-tectonic eduze nendawo okushayisana kuyo angakha izindawo ezincishisiwe, lapho ipuleti elilodwa lingena ku-mantle ngaphansi kwelinye, noma lishwabene uqweqwe, lidale izintaba nezintaba.
- umkhawulo wokungqubuzana. Kulezi zigaba, i-crust ayidalwanga futhi ayibhujiswa, kodwa igcina ukunyakaza okufanayo, idala ukungqubuzana okuningi, yingakho kuyizindawo ezivamile zokuzamazama komhlaba.
izingozi ze-tectonic
I-orogeny ukwakheka kwezintaba noma izintaba. Izinhlobo ezintathu zezici kukholakala ukuthi ziwumphumela we-tectonic dynamics:
- Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Ukuvela kwezintaba-mlilo zezwekazi noma ezingaphansi kolwandle, lapho i-magma exuberant ikhululwa endaweni engaphansi, okuthi, lapho iphola, idale uqweqwe olusha.
- Orogenesis. Ukwakheka kwe-Ridge. Lokhu kungenzeka kokubili lapho amapuleti eshayisana futhi ashwabene nalapho ehla. Esimweni sokuqala kunomsebenzi omncane wentaba-mlilo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ukuzamazama komhlaba okuncane kanye nomsebenzi omningi wentaba-mlilo.
- Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuzamazama komhlaba nokundindizela kwenzeka ngenxa yokungqubuzana phakathi kwama-tectonic plate.
Umhlaba uwukuphela kweplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga ebonisa ubufakazi bomsebenzi we-tectonic njengoba siwazi. Nakuba ezinye izinyanga zeMars, Venus kanye neSaturn zibonisa izimpawu zalokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile.
Ama-convection currents yilawo ageleza okokusebenza asuka endaweni engaphansi, aphushela ngaphandle izinto ezishisayo neziminyene kancane (ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni). Le nto icindezela i-lithosphere futhi iphole kancane kancane, ukucwila ekujuleni kwengubo; ukujikeleza kudala ukucindezela okuhambisa amapuleti ndawonye. Lena injini yamapuleti e-lithospheric.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapuleti e-lithospheric nezici zawo.