Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu namuhla ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kepha, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi ubunzima besimo sezulu esibhekene nabo, iqiniso wukuthi kube khona izinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu emlandweni woMhlaba ezibe nomsuka ohlukile kunalokhu. Nokho, inganikeza ulwazi oluhle mayelana nesimanje.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi ziyini izinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu emlandweni womhlaba nokuthi zibaluleke kangakanani.
Izinhlobo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukwenza izincwadi, kudingeka siqonde ukuthi kuyini ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuqondile, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuchazwa njengoshintsho oluphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwesimo sezulu esiqhubekayo isikhathi eside (kusukela emashumini eminyaka kuya emakhulwini eminyaka).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kube nezinguquko eziningi esimweni sezulu kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba, futhi ziye zafundwa ku-paleoclimatology, isayensi ephethe ukutadisha izakhiwo zesimo sezulu soMhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngobubanzi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:
- Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okwedlule: Uchungechunge lwezinguquko zesimo sezulu eziphawulwa amagagasi abandayo nafudumele.
- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwamanje: ebonakala ngokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa amaphakathi omhlaba.
Ekuqaleni koMhlaba, Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4600 edlule, ilanga lalikhipha imisebe emincane kunanamuhla futhi izinga lokushisa elilinganayo lalingu -41 °C. Ngakho-ke singacabanga ngamakhaza amakhulu alesi sigaba, ngakho-ke, ukuphila okwavela kamuva kwakungenakwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi.
Izinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu emlandweni womhlaba
Njengomphumela wocwaningo lwezinguzunga zeqhwa nezinsalela zasolwandle, kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi kwakunenkathi emlandweni wesimo sezulu lapho ukugxila okuphezulu kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kwaqoshwa, okuhlanganisa i-carbon dioxide ne-methane emkhathini, okubonisa isikhathi se-hypermodern.
Phakathi kwemiphumela yalokhu kuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, singagqamisa ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, ukushuba kwesimo sezulu esibi njengesomiso nezikhukhula, kuye ngobukhulu bezwe, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, ukwehla kwezinga leqhwa kanye nezikhukhula. ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye nezinguquko emijikelezweni ye-biogeochemical. Konke lokhu kuthinta i-ecosystem kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezinabantu abancane kakhulu noma abachuma kakhulu, kuye ngezici zazo, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ezithinteke kabi sezize zashabalala.
umoya-mpilo emkhathini
Ngokufika kwe-cyanobacteria kwaba ne-aerobic photosynthesis, inqubo izinto eziphilayo ezilungisa ngayo isikhutha futhi zikhulule umoya-mpilo. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-cyanobacteria, kwakungekho umoya-mpilo wamahhala emkhathini. Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, ukugcwala kwe-carbon dioxide emkhathini kuncipha futhi kuvele izinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic.
I-Jurassic Maximum
Iplanethi yonke yayisenkathini yesimo sezulu esishisayo, kwase kuvela ama-dinosaurs. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa embulungeni yonke kucatshangwa ukuthi kubangelwa ukugcwala okuphezulu kwesikhutha esikhishelwa emkhathini ngokusheshisa ukuguguleka kwamadwala.
I-Paleocene-Eocene thermal esiphezulu
Kuyaziwa nangokuthi Early Eocene Thermal Maximum noma Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Lokhu wukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okungazelelwe, ikakhulukazi ukwanda okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa eliseMhlabeni ngo-6°C (cishe iminyaka eyizi-20.000, okuyisikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke). Lokhu kwaholela ekushintsheni kokujikeleza kolwandle nomkhathi, futhi kwaholela ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, yabonisa ukuphela kwe-Paleocene kanye nokuqala kwe-Eocene.
I-Pleistocene Ice Age
Olunye uguquko lwesimo sezulu olufaneleka kakhulu emlandweni iqhwa, isikhathi lapho izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lehla futhi ngenxa yalokho iqhwa lasezwekazini, izingqimba zeqhwa nezinguzunga zeqhwa kwanda. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kube nenkathi ye-Ice Enkulu engu-4 esikhathini esidlule, eyokugcina kwakuyi-Pleistocene Ice Age. Kukholakala ukuthi zavela esikhathini seQuaternary, okungukuthi, kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,58 edlule kuze kube manje.
Ubuncane beMaunder
Ihambisana nesikhathi esihlanganisiwe phakathi kuka-1645 no-1715 lapho amabala elanga acishe ashabalala ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ilanga likhipha imisebe emincane futhi ngenxa yalokho kuba inkathi ebandayo.
Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona ama-solar minima ayisithupha afana naleli, aqala ngobuncane baseGibhithe ngo-1300 BC. C., kuze kube okokugcina, ubuncane be-Maunder. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, umphumela ofaneleka kakhulu ukwehla okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke, okusho ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane azivumelani namakhaza ngesikhathi, ukwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu, okuthinta zonke izimiso zemvelo, ngisho nokushabalala kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu samanje
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwamanje kuhlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukufudumala komhlaba. Nakuba igama elithi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke licabangela ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuqagela kwakho kwesikhathi esizayo, Umqondo wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu uhlanganisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nomthelela wako kwezinye izimo zezulu.
Ngokungafani nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esidlule, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu samanje kubangelwa abantu kuphela, okungukuthi, kubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu. Kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, abantu baye basebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi emisebenzini yabo, okubangele ukwanda kokugcwala kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Ngokuqondile, la magesi asebenza njengezindawo zokugcina ukushisa futhi agcina ukushisa eMhlabeni, empeleni, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwawo emkhathini, izinga lokushisa eMhlabeni belingaba ngu-20°C.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ukwanda kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini kuyanda, izinga lokushisa eMhlabeni liyoba phezulu, yingakho sithi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lomhlaba lilinganiselwa ukuthi lenyuke ngo-1,1°C uma liqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sokushisa somhlaba sangaphambi kwezimboni.
Ukuba ngumuntu kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu emlandweni woMhlaba
Iminyaka engu-15.000 edlule, AmaHomo sapien ayesakazekele emhlabeni wonke. Okungenani, kulezo zindawo ezingambozwe yiqhwa elihlala njalo. Nokho, ukuphela kwe-Great Ice Age yokugcina, i-Ice Age, kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezinhlotsheni zethu. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezazihambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okukhulu, abantu bayeka ukuba yimizulane, abazingeli, futhi baqala ukuzinza.
Ocwaningweni olwanyatheliswa ekupheleni konyaka odlule ngamaNyuvesi ase-Alicante nase-Algarve, uhlaziye ukuthi lolu shintsho lwenzeka kanjani endaweni engaphambili ye-Atlantic yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Ukufuna ukudla kwaqala ukwandisa inani labantu endaweni ewela i-Duero, iGuadiana nolwandle. Kuningi ukudla ongakhetha kukho.
Kukhona futhi ukushintshashintsha ngemuva kokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa. Ngesikhathi sesigameko sezulu esibizwa nge-8200, izinga lokushisa loMhlaba lehla phakathi kuka-2 no-4 degrees Celsius. Njengoba i-University of Alicante ibonisa, ogwini lwase-Atlantic, lokhu kupholisa kuhambisana nezinguquko emisinga yolwandle. Kungazelelwe, umlomo woMfula iTagus, namuhla ofinyelela eLisbon nesifunda sakhona, ugcwele izakhamzimba nezinhlobo ezidliwayo, okuye kwabangela ukuxhashazwa okukhulu kwemithombo yasemanzini. ukuqhuma kwezibalo zabantu kanye nokuvela kwezindawo zokuhlala ezizinzile zokuqala.
AmaRiphabhulikhi nemibuso ayigonyiwe ekuguqukeni
Thola izinsalela, izinsalela ze-decipher, qoqa iminonjana yesimo sezulu sangaphambi komlando... Rukulandelela okudlule kuyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, lapho kusungulwa izincwadi zokubhala, ikakhulukazi i-papyrus nesikhumba, yonke into yashintsha. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho umlando waqala ukukhuluma nekusasa. Uma sifuna ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngeGreece yasendulo noma ukuthi uMbuso WaseRoma washabalala kanjani, kufanele nje sikufunde.
Amashumi eminyaka okugcina eRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma ayephawulwe ngezinxushunxushu zomphakathi. Imishikashika yezombangazwe eyalandela ukubulawa kukaJulius Caesar yadedela uMbuso, yaqondana nenkathi yamakhaza, isivuno esibi nendlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezibuswa amaRoma. Le datha yaziwa kuphela emibhalweni ebhaliwe egcinwe kusukela lapho. Phakathi neziyaluyalu zezombusazwe, indlala neziyaluyalu zomphakathi kubeke isipikili sokugcina ebhokisini le-republic.
Manje siyazi futhi 43 kanye 42. C. kubanda kakhulu kule minyaka engu-2500 edlule. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngoJulayi 2020 lwaxhumanisa lokho kubanda nokuqhuma okukhulu okubili endaweni manje eyintabamlilo yase-Alaska yase-Okmok. Umlotha wawo wawuvala ilanga iminyaka eminingana, ubangela ukupholisa okusakazekile eNyakatho Nenkabazwe; amaphethini emvula nawo ashintshile.
Imibuso eyavela ngemva kokuwa kweRoma yayingenakukubalekela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngekhulu lesithathu leminyaka yethu, isifunda saseFayoum eGibhithe sasiwumthombo waseRoma, futhi uMfula iNayile wawunisela isikhungo sezolimo esikhulu kunazo zonke sombuso. Nokho, cishe ngonyaka wama-260 d. C., izitshalo zaqala ukwehluleka futhi ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu kwashintshwa kwaba ukufuywa kwezimbuzi, ezazikwazi ukumelana kakhulu. Sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba izingxabano zokuthola amanzi, kanye nokwehla kwesivuno nakho kuholele ekwehliseni izintela kanye nokufudukela kwabantu abaningi enyakatho. Eminyakeni eminingi, indawo izobe ingenamuntu.
Nakulokhu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwumsuka wayo yonke into. Phakathi naleyo minyaka, isenzakalo esithile (okwamanje esingakaziwa, nakuba kungase kube okunye ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo) sashintsha iphethini yezivunguvungu ezinikeza amanzi emaphethelweni eNayile unyaka ngamunye. Lolu shintsho luphinde lwaba kungazelelwe (ngokocwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngoNovemba), lwaholela esomiso esibi kakhulu.
Ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezulu akusona isikhathi sethu kuphela, nakuba izinguquko ezenzeka ngesivinini kanye nezizathu zazo. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kulolonge umlando wethu. Izifundo ziqoqiwe ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka mayelana nemiphumela yenkinga yesimo sezulu. Yebo, izinto zihluke kakhulu namuhla. Okokuqala nje sibhekene nenkinga yesimo sezulu, siyibona iza futhi singayinqanda. Ayikhiqizwa izinguquko zentaba-mlilo noma imisinga yolwandle. BangamaHomo sapiens ngokwabo abahlola ikhono labo lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu emlandweni woMhlaba.