Izinhla zomkhathi

Njengoba sibonile kokuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini, i- Iphasi Plan Inezendlalelo eziningi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle futhi yakhiwe yizinhlelo ezine ezingaphansi. I- izingqimba zomhlaba zazisezinhlelweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sasinakho i-biosphere, leyo ndawo yoMhlaba lapho impilo ikhula khona. I-hydrosphere yayiyingxenye yoMhlaba lapho kukhona khona amanzi. Sinezinye kuphela izinto ezingaphansi komhlaba, umkhathi. Ziyini izingqimba zomkhathi? Ake sikubone.

Umkhathi ungqimba lwamagesi oluzungeze umhlaba futhi olunemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwale misebenzi iqiniso lokuthi izindlu inani le-oxygen elidingekayo ukuze uphile. Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile umkhathi onawo ngezidalwa eziphilayo ukusivikela emisebeni yelanga nakwizinto zangaphandle ezivela emkhathini njengamameteorite amancane noma ama-asteroid.

Ukwakheka komkhathi

Umkhathi wakhiwe ngamagesi ahlukene ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Iqukethe kakhulu i-nitrogen (78%), Kepha le nitrogen ayithathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi, siyayiphefumula kodwa asiyihlanganisi noma siyisebenzisele noma yini. Lokho esikusebenzisayo ukuze siphile umoya-mpilo utholakala ku-21%. Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngaphandle kwezinto ezi-anaerobic, zidinga umoya-mpilo ukuze ziphile. Okokugcina, umkhathi unayo ukuhlushwa okuphansi kakhulu (1%) kusuka kwamanye amagesi afana nomhwamuko wamanzi, i-argon, ne-carbon dioxide.

Njengoba sibonile esihlokweni ku ingcindezi yasemkhathini, umoya uyasinda, ngakho-ke kunomoya omningi ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomkhathi ngoba umoya ovela phezulu ududula umoya ongezansi futhi uqina ngaphezulu. Kungenxa yalokho 75% wesisindo esiphelele somkhathi kuphakathi kobuso bomhlaba namakhilomitha okuqala ayi-11 ukuphakama. Njengoba sikhula phezulu, umkhathi uba mncane kakhulu futhi unciphe, kepha-ke, ayikho imigqa ephawula izingqimba ezahlukahlukene zomkhathi, kepha ukwakheka nezimo kuyashintsha. Ulayini kaKarman, ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 ukuphakama, kubhekwa njengokuphela komkhathi womhlaba nokuqala komkhathi ongaphandle.

Ziyini izingqimba zomkhathi?

Njengoba siphawule phambilini, njengoba sikhuphuka, sihlangabezana nezendlalelo ezahlukahlukene umkhathi onazo. Ngayinye inokwakheka kwayo, ukuminyana nokusebenza kwayo. Umkhathi unezingqimba ezinhlanu: I-troposphere, i-stratosphere, i-mesosphere, i-thermosphere, ne-exosphere.

I-Troposphere

Isendlalelo sokuqala somkhathi yi-troposphere futhi yi- eduze komhlaba ngakho-ke, kuleso sigaba esiphila kuso. Isuka ezingeni lolwandle iye cishe ku-10-15 km ukuphakama. Kuku troposphere lapho impilo iqala khona emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwetroposphere izimo ungavumeli ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo. Izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yasemkhathini iyancipha kwi-troposphere njengoba sikhulisa ukuphakama esizithola sikuso.

Izimo zezulu njengoba sizazi zenzeka e-troposphere, ngoba ukusuka lapho amafu awakhuli. Lezi zimo zezulu zakhiwa ukushisa okungalingani okubangelwa yilanga ezindaweni ezihlukene zeplanethi. Lesi simo sidala ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga nemimoya, okuhambisana nezinguquko ekucindezelekeni nasekushiseni, kubangela izivunguvungu ezinesiphepho. Izindiza zindiza ngaphakathi kwe-troposphere futhi njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ngaphandle kwe-troposphere azikho amafu, ngakho-ke azikho izimvula noma iziphepho.

Engxenyeni ephezulu kakhulu ye-troposphere sithola ungqimba lomngcele olubizwa ngokuthi ukuyeka kancane. Kule ungqimba lomngcele, ithempelesha lifinyelela amanani asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Kungakho ososayensi abaningi bebiza lolu ungqimba ngokuthi "Isendlalelo esishisayo" Ngoba ukusuka lapha, umhwamuko we-troposphere awukwazi ukuphakama uye phambili, njengoba ubhajwe lapho ushintsha usuka emswakeni uye eqhweni. Uma kungengenxa yokuma okuthe xaxa, iplanethi yethu ingalahlekelwa amanzi esinawo njengoba ehwamuka futhi ethuthela emkhathini. Ungasho ukuthi i-tropopause iyisithiyo esingabonakali esigcina izimo zethu zizinzile futhi esivumela amanzi ukuthi ahlale etholakala.

I-Stratosphere

Ukuqhubeka nezendlalelo zomkhathi, manje sesithola i-stratosphere. Itholakala kusukela ekunqandeni kwesinye isikhathi futhi isuka ku-10-15 km ukuphakama iye kuma-45-50 km. Izinga lokushisa ku-stratosphere liphakeme engxenyeni engenhla kunasengxenyeni engezansi ngoba njengoba likhuphuka ukuphakama, limunca imisebe yelanga ethe xaxa futhi nezinga lokushisa kwakho liyakhuphuka. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukusebenza kwamazinga okushisa ukuphakama kuphambene nalokhu ku-troposphere. Iqala ngokuzinza kepha iphansi futhi njengoba ukuphakama kukhuphuka, izinga lokushisa liyanda.

Ukumuncwa kwemisebe ekhanyayo kungenxa ye- ungqimba lwe-ozone okuphakathi kuka-30 no-40 km ukuphakama. Isendlalelo se-ozone simane siyindawo lapho ukugxila kwe-stratospheric ozone kuphakeme kakhulu kunasemkhathini wonke. I-ozone iyini kusivikela emisebeni yelanga eyingoziKepha uma i-ozone ivela ebusweni bomhlaba, kungukungcola okunamandla komkhathi okubangela izifo zesikhumba, zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo.

Ku-stratosphere akukho ukunyakaza okuqondile mpo komoya, kepha imimoya evundlile ingafinyelela kaningi u-200 km / h. Inkinga ngalo moya ukuthi noma iyiphi into efinyelela ku-stratosphere isakazeka kuyo yonke iplanethi. Isibonelo salokhu ama-CFC. Lawa magesi akhiwe nge-chlorine ne-fluorine aqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi asakazeka kuyo yonke iplanethi ngenxa yemimoya enamandla evela e-stratosphere.

Ekupheleni kwe-stratosphere ngu ukubamba ibanga. Yindawo yomkhathi lapho ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-ozone kuphela futhi izinga lokushisa lizinze kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-0 degrees Celsius). I-stratopause iyona enikeza indlela kwi-mesosphere.

I-Mesosphere

Ungqimba lomkhathi olusuka ku-50 km luye ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwe-80 km. Ukuziphatha kwamazinga okushisa ku-mesosphere kuyefana nokwe-troposphere, ngoba kwehla phezulu. Lolu ungqimba lomkhathi, yize kubanda, iyakwazi ukumisa ama-meteorites njengoba ziwela emkhathini lapho zisha khona, ngale ndlela zishiya imikhondo yomlilo esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku.

I-mesosphere ungqimba oluncane kakhulu lomkhathi, kusukela iqukethe kuphela u-0,1% wesisindo somoya esiphelele futhi kuwo kungafinyelelwa amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku -80 degrees. Ukuthinta okubalulekile kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka kule ungqimba futhi ngenxa yobuningi bomoya ophansi, izinxushunxushu ezahlukahlukene zakheka ezisiza imikhumbi-mkhathi lapho zibuyela eMhlabeni, ngoba ziqala ukubona ukwakheka kwemimoya engemuva hhayi kuphela ukubopha kwe-aerodynamic. lomkhumbi.

Ekupheleni kwe-mesosphere ngu i-mesopause. Ungqimba lwemingcele oluhlukanisa i-mesosphere ne-thermosphere. Itholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-85-90 futhi kuwo izinga lokushisa lizinzile futhi liphansi kakhulu. Ukuphendula kwe-Chemiluminescence ne-aeroluminescence kwenzeka kule ungqimba.

I-Thermosphere

Ingqimba ebanzi yomkhathi. Isuka ku- 80-90 km kuya ku-640 km. Kuleli qophelo, awukho nhlobo umoya osele futhi izinhlayiya ezikhona kulolu ungqimba zikhonjiswe ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Lolu ungqimba lubizwa nangokuthi umkhathi ngenxa yokushayisana kwama-ion okwenzeka kuyo. I-ionosphere inethonya elikhulu ku ukusakazeka kwamagagasi omsakazo. Ingxenye yamandla akhishwa ngumthumeli oya e-ionosphere imuncwa umoya we-ionized kanti enye ikhonjisiwe, noma iphambukisiwe, ibuyela ebusweni bomhlaba.

Izinga lokushisa ku-thermosphere liphakeme kakhulu, lifinyelela kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ze-degrees Celsius. Zonke izinhlayiya ezitholakala ku-thermosphere zithweswe kakhulu amandla avela emisebeni yelanga. Sithola nokuthi amagesi awahlakazekile ngokulinganayo njengoba kwenzeka ngezingqimba zangaphambilini zomoya.

Ku-thermosphere sithola i-magnetosphere. Yileso sifunda somkhathi lapho amandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba esivikela khona emoyeni welanga.

Umkhathi

Izingxenye zokugcina zomkhathi yi-exosphere. Lona ungqimba oluqhele kakhulu kunobuso bomhlaba futhi ngenxa yokuphakama kwalo, luyisikhathi esingapheli kunawo wonke futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokwalo alucatshangwa njengongqimba lomkhathi. Okungaphezulu noma okuncane kunwebeka phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-600-800 ukuphakama kuze kufike ku-9.000-10.000 km. Lolu ungqimba lomkhathi yilokho kwehlukanisa iplanethi enguMhlaba emkhathini futhi kuwo ama-athomu ayaphunyuka. Iqukethe kakhulu i-hydrogen.

Njengoba ubona, izenzakalo ezahlukahlukene zenzeka ezingqimbeni zomkhathis futhi banemisebenzi ehlukile. Kusukela emvuleni, imimoya nezingcindezi, ngokusebenzisa ungqimba lwe-ozone nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ungqimba ngalunye lomkhathi lunomsebenzi walo owenza impilo emhlabeni njengoba sazi.

Umlando womkhathi

La umkhathi lokho esikwaziyo namuhla bekungakaze kube njalo. Sekudlule izigidi zeminyaka selokhu kwakhiwa iplanethi yoMhlaba kuze kube namuhla, futhi lokhu kudale izinguquko ekwakhekeni komkhathi.

Umkhathi wokuqala woMhlaba owavela wavela emvuleni enkulu nehlala isikhathi eside emlandweni eyakha izilwandle. Ukwakheka komkhathi ngaphambi kokuphila njengoba sazi ukuthi kwavela kwakhiwa ikakhulu yi-methane. Emuva ngaleso sikhathi, kuyenzeka iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-2.300, izinto eziphilayo ezasinda kulezi zimo zaziphila methanogens nama-anoxicsLokho wukuthi, babengadingi i-oxygen ukuze baphile. Namuhla ama-methanogen ahlala ezindaweni zamachibi noma esiswini sezinkomo lapho kungekho-oxygen. Iplanethi yoMhlaba yayisencane kakhulu futhi ilanga lalingakhanyi kangako, noma kunjalo, ukuhlangana kwe-methane esemkhathini kwakukhona cishe izikhathi eziphindwe ka-600 kunanamuhla ezinokungcola. Lokho kuguqulelwe kumphumela wokushisa okunamandla ngokwanele ukuthi ukwazi ukukhuphula amazinga okushisa omhlaba, ngoba i-methane igcina ukushisa okuningi.

Kamuva, ngokwanda kwe- i-cyanobacteria ne-algae, iplanethi yagcwala umoya-mpilo futhi yaguqula ukwakheka komkhathi kwaze kwaba, kancane kancane, kwaba yilokho esinakho namuhla. Ngenxa yama-plate tectonics, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamazwekazi kube nomthelela ekusatshalalisweni kwe-carbonate kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Futhi yingakho umkhathi wawuguquka usuka endaweni enciphisayo waba yi-oxidizing. Ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo bekukhombisa iziqongo eziphakeme neziphansi kuze kube yilapho zihlala zingaphansi kokuhlushwa okuyi-15%.