I-Las izindlela ze-condensation zingamafu aneqhwa, imigqa emide evela ngezinye izikhathi lapho indiza idlula futhi ibangelwa ukufingqa komhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe ukukhishwa kwezinjini. Ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izinhlobo ze-contrail nazo zakheka ezihlokweni zamaphiko, ngenxa yokufiphala komhwamuko womkhathi okubangelwa ukwehla komfutho nezinga lokushisa okwenzeka lapho indiza idlula, kodwa lokhu kwakamuva kuvame ukwenzeka lapho isuka nalapho ifika. , hhayi phakathi nesikhathi ukundiza emazingeni aphezulu, futhi ahlala isikhathi esincane kakhulu.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nemizila ye-condensation nezici zayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Izinjini zezindiza ziyakhipha umhwamuko wamanzi, i-carbon dioxide (CO2), landelela amanani e-nitrogen oxides (NOx), ama-hydrocarbon, i-carbon monoxide, amagesi esibabule nomle kanye nezinhlayiya zensimbi. Kuwo wonke la magesi nezinhlayiya, umhwamuko wamanzi yiwo kuphela ohlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-contrail.
Ukuze kwakheke umgoqo omkhulu ngemuva kwendiza esendleleni, izimo ezithile zokushisa nezomswakama ziyadingeka ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufiphala komhwamuko wamanzi okhishwa izinjini. Amagesi esulfure angasiza ngoba asiza ukwakha izinhlayiya ezincane ezingasebenza njenge-condensation nuclei, kodwa ngokuvamile noma kunjalo.
Kunezinhlayiya ezanele emkhathini ukuze zisebenze njengama-condensation nuclei. Amagesi asele kanye nezinhlayiya ezikhishwa injini yendiza aziphazamisi ukwakheka kokuvuka.
Lapho amagesi akhishwa yile ndiza ehlangana nomoya ozungezile, apholisa ngokushesha, uma kunomswakama owanele emkhathini wokupholisa le ngxube. Lapho ukugcwaliswa kufinyelelwa, umhwamuko wamanzi uyajiya. Umswakama wengxube, okungukuthi noma ufinyelela ukugcwala, uzoncika ekushiseni nasekuswameni komoya, kanye nenani lomhwamuko wamanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa lokukhishwa kwendiza.
Zakhiwa kanjani
Ngokuya ngenani lomoya negesi okukhishiwe, ukushintshaniswa kwezinga lokushisa, nokuqukethwe komswakamo, izithiyo zingaba minyene, ziphikelele, futhi zivumelane nokwakheka kwamafu, noma ziqale ukushabalala ngokushesha.
Ngokwemvelo, emkhathini, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphezulu, amazinga omswakama kanye ukushintshashintsha komoya kuvumela ukwakheka kwamafu e-cirrus noma i-cirrus, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lezi zingafana ncamashi nemizila yokujiya eshiywe yindiza nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendiza. Ukuze uzihlukanise, kufanele kuhlaziywe ukubhekwa kwesimo sezulu futhi kunqunywe ukuthi zitholakala kuliphi izinga lomkhathi nokuthi uyini umthombo wazo wokwakheka.
Elinye lamathuluzi avame ukuzibona ngokuningiliziwe izithombe zesathelayithi ezithathwe emkhathini. Ukuhlola kwesayensi kunqume ukuthi i-contrails ihlala imizuzwana embalwa noma imizuzu embalwa lapho umoya osemkhathini womile, kodwa lapho umoya uswakeme, ama-contrails angahlala isikhathi eside futhi andise abe amafu abanzi afana ne-cirrus, ngokuvamile kuyafana mayelana nomthombo wemvelo ofanayo
I-Contrails ngokuvamile inciphisa inani lemisebe yelanga efika emhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise inani lemisebe ye-infrared emuncwa umkhathi, njengamafu e-cirrus anezici ezifanayo.
Izinhlobo zemizila ye-condensation
Uma i-contrail yakhiwe, ukuvela kwayo kuncike ezimweni zomoya. Ngakho singabona izinhlobo ezintathu zokuvimbela okukhulunywe ngazo kuphosta:
- izindlela ezimfushane: lena imigqa emincane emhlophe esiyibona ngemuva kwendiza enyamalala ngokushesha njengoba indiza idlula. Zenzeka lapho inani lomhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini liphansi, bese izinhlayiya zeqhwa ezakha i-wake zibuyela ngokushesha esimweni sazo segesi.
- Izithiyo eziqhubekayo ezingasabalalisi: lena imigqa emide emhlophe eqhubekayo ngemva kokuba indiza isidlulile, kodwa ayikhuli noma isabalale. Zenzeka lapho umswakama womkhathi uphezulu, ngakho-ke izingqinamba aziguquki (ngokuqondile, azinciphisi), futhi zingahlala amahora.
- Izithiyo eziqhubekayo ezisele: njengoba ifu likhula, imigqa iba mikhulu, iba banzi, futhi ayifani. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umswakama osemkhathini usondelene kakhulu nezinga lokujiya, umhwamuko wamanzi osemkhathini ungajiya kalula ube yizinhlayiya zeqhwa ngemva kokuvuka. Uma kukhona nokungazinzi kanye nesiyaluyalu, i-trajectory inomumo ongajwayelekile. Le mizila ingabuye inyakaziswe wumoya.
Contrail Prediction
Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi kuhlehlela emuva ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, lapho izindiza zazikwazi ukundiza ezindaweni eziphakeme. Banikezwa imibandela yokubunjwa kwabo. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, babebhekwa njengelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, kodwa phakathi nempi. contrails kwaba isihloko esithakazelisa kakhulu ngoba babekwazi ukunikeza kude indawo yendiza. Ngakho-ke, emazweni ahlukene, baqala ukuphenya izimbangela nezimo zokubunjwa kwabo. Ngo-1953, i-American Appleman yashicilela igrafu eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izingqinamba ezizokwakhiwa kanye nolwazi lwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezimo zomswakama.
I-Contrails ingenzeka ngaphansi kwalezi zimo (uma kunomswakama owanele endaweni ezungezile) Ngaphezulu kwezinga le-400hPa, lihambisana nokuphakama okungaba ngu-7 km. futhi ngokwandayo amathuba okuba semazingeni aphezulu ize icishe iqiniseke (ngisho nomswakama ongu-0% emkhathini) Ngaphezulu okungaba ngu-280 hPa (amaphuzu amakwe ngokubomvu), okusho ukuthi ngaphezudlwana kuka-9 km ukuphakama.
ukuphazamiseka komkhathi
Izinto eziningi ezenziwa abantu zinemiphumela elimazayo emkhathini, futhi le migqa esesibhakabhakeni iyisibonelo esihle. Amagesi akhishwa izindiza ayizingcolisi ezilimaza ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile umkhathi. Lapho igesi engcolisayo ihlangana nesimusi, amaconsi amanzi efwini enza i-asidi futhi ukungcola ekugcineni kuhlala phezulu.
Ukwanda kwezinkampani zezindiza eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwezingqinamba, okuyinto ethinta inqubo yemvelo yokushintshanisa imisebe kanye nokukhanya okuvela elangeni nomhlaba, isimo esibangela ukushisa okungavamile noma ukupholisa koMhlaba. umkhathi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemizila ye-condensation, izici zabo nokwakheka.