Amanzi awumthombo oyigugu kunawo wonke kumuntu nakuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Le nsiza iyisici esikwazi ukuba sezifundeni ezihlukene ngokwemvelo. I izifunda zamanzi Zibaluleke kakhulu kumjikelezo we-hydrological ukusungula ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwendawo yonke.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukukutshela ukuthi yiziphi izifunda eziyinhloko zamanzi, yiziphi izici zabo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo zonke.
izifunda zamanzi
Sonke siyazi ukuthi amanzi ayini futhi siyazazi izinhlobo zawo ezintathu, ezaziwa ngokuthi izimo zawo ezibonakalayo: uketshezi (amanzi), okuqinile (iqhwa), kanye negesi (umusi). Lezi yizindlela ezintathu amanzi angatholakala ngazo emvelweni ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali: i-H2O (i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo).
Isimo samanzi sincike ekucindezelweni okuwazungezile kanye nezinga lokushisa elivezwa kulo, okungukuthi, izimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ngokulawula lezi zimo, amanzi awuketshezi angaguqulwa abe yisimo esiqinile noma esinegesi futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
Uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwamanzi empilweni kanye nokuchichima kwawo eMhlabeni, isimo sakho somzimba sisetshenziswa njengereferensi kumasistimu amaningi wokulinganisa ngakho-ke ingafaniswa nezinye izinto nezinto.
izakhiwo zamanzi
Ngenxa yokushuba kwesimo sezulu, izinambuzane nezicabucabu zingahamba emanzini. Amanzi ayinto engenaphunga, engenambala futhi engenakunambitheka ne-pH engathathi hlangothi (7, engeyona i-asidi noma i-alkaline). Yakhiwe ngama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ne-athomu elilodwa lomoya-mpilo ku-molecule ngayinye.
Izinhlayiya zayo zinamandla amakhulu okuhlangana azibambe ndawonye, ngakho-ke inokuqina okuphawulekayo kwendawo (okusetshenziswa ezinye izinambuzane ukuze "zihambe" emanzini) futhi idinga amandla amaningi ukuze iguqule isimo sayo somzimba.
Amanzi aziwa ngokuthi "i-solvent yomhlaba wonke" ngoba ingancibilikisa izinto eziningi kunanoma yiluphi olunye uketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyinhlanganisela ebalulekile yokuphila futhi ikhona ngobuningi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Amanzi ahlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo yonke yeplanethi yethu.
Izimo ezahlukene zamanzi nezici zazo
I-Liquid
Esimeni se-liquid, amanzi awamanzi futhi ayashintshashintsha. Isimo esihlotshaniswa naso kakhulu siwuketshezi, okuyisimo esiminyene futhi esingaqondakali, futhi esigcwele kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Esimeni sayo samanzi, izinhlayiya zamanzi zisondelene, kodwa azisondelene kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amanzi awuketshezi anokuguquguquka nokuguquguquka koketshezi, kodwa alahlekelwa ukuma kwawo ukuze athathe isimo sesitsha esiqukethe.
Ngakho-ke, amanzi awuketshezi adinga izimo ezithile zamandla (ukushisa, izinga lokushisa) nokucindezela. Amanzi awuketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-0 no-100º C kanye nomfutho ojwayelekile womkhathi. Kodwa-ke, uma ingaphansi kwezingcindezi eziphakeme (amanzi ashisa kakhulu), ingadlula indawo yayo yokubilisa futhi esimweni samanzi singafinyelela izinga lokushisa elibucayi lika-374 ° C, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lapho igesi ingancibilika khona. Amanzi aluketshezi avame ukutholakala olwandle, emachibini, emifuleni, nasezinsikeni ezingaphansi komhlaba, kodwa futhi atholakala ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.
Isimo esiqinile
Isimo samanzi esiqinile, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiqhwa, Itholakala ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa layo libe ngu-0°C noma ngaphansi. Okunye okuxakayo kwamanzi aqandisiwe ukuthi angeza ivolumu uma kuqhathaniswa noketshezi. Okusho ukuthi, iqhwa aliminyene kakhulu kunamanzi (yingakho iqhwa lintanta).
Ukubonakala kweqhwa kuqinile, kuhlakazekile futhi kusobala, futhi kuyahlukahluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuye ngokuhlanzeka nokuqina kongqimba. Ngaphansi kwezinye izimo, ingahlala okwesikhashana esimweni esiqinile esibizwa ngokuthi iqhwa.
Amanzi aqinile avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezineqhwa, eziqongweni zezintaba, ku-permafrost (permafrost), namaplanethi angaphandle esimiso sonozungezilanga kanye naseziqandisini zethu zokudla.
Igesi
Isimo samanzi esinegesi, esaziwa ngokuthi isitimu noma umhwamuko wamanzi, iyingxenye evamile yomkhathi wethu futhi ikhona ngisho nakuwo wonke umoya esiwuphefumulayo. Ngomfutho ophansi noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, amanzi ayahwamuka futhi avame ukukhuphuka ngoba umhwamuko wamanzi awuminyene kakhulu kunomoya.
Uma nje umuntu esezingeni lolwandle (i-atmosphere engu-1), ukushintshela esimweni esinegesi kwenzeka ku-100°C.. Amanzi anegesi akha amafu esiwabona esibhakabhakeni, asemoyeni esiwuphefumulayo (ikakhulukazi umoya ophefumulayo), nasenkungwini ebonakala ngezinsuku ezibandayo nezinomswakama. Uma sibeka ibhodwe lamanzi ukuze libilise, singabona futhi.
Izinguquko esimweni samanzi
Njengoba sibonile kwezinye zezimo ezidlule, amanzi angashintsha esuka kwesinye isimo aye kwesinye ngokushintsha izimo zawo zokushisa. Lokhu kungenziwa ohlangothini olulodwa noma kwelinye, futhi sizonikeza inqubo ngayinye ehlukile igama layo:
- Ukuhwamuka. Ukuguquka kusuka oketshezini kuya kugesi kwenyusa izinga lokushisa lamanzi libe ngu-100°C. Yilokho okwenzekayo emanzini abilayo, yingakho ebonakala ngokubhuquza.
- Ukujiya. Ukuguqulwa kusuka kugesi kuya kuketshezi ngokulahlekelwa ukushisa. Yilokhu okwenzekayo lapho umhwamuko wamanzi ujiya esibukweni sasendlini yokugezela: indawo yesibuko ipholile futhi umhwamuko ofakwe kuso uba uketshezi.
- Ukubanda. Ukushintsha kusuka oketshezini kuya kokuqinile kwehlisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi libe ngaphansi kuka-0°C. Amanzi aba yiqhwa, enze iqhwa, njengoba enza eziqandisini zethu noma eziqongweni zezintaba.
- Ukuncibilika: uphendulela amanzi aqinile abe uketshezi, ukushisa kube yiqhwa. Le nqubo ivamile futhi ingabonakala uma sengeza iqhwa esiphuzweni.
- I-Sublimation. Inqubo yokushintsha kusuka esimweni segesi kuya esimweni esiqinile, kulokhu kusuka kumswakama wamanzi kuya eqhweni noma eqhweni. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, izimo eziqondile kakhulu zokushisa nokucindezela ziyadingeka, yingakho lesi simo senzeka eziqongweni zezintaba, isibonelo, esomiso sase-Antarctica, lapho kungekho khona amanzi awuketshezi.
- I-Reverse Sublimation: Ukuguqulwa okuqondile kokuqinile kuya kwegesi, okungukuthi, ukusuka eqhweni ukuya kusitimu. Singayibona ezindaweni ezome kakhulu, njenge-polar tundra ngokwayo noma iziqongo zezintaba, lapho njengoba imisebe yelanga ikhula, iningi leqhwa lingena ngqo kugesi ngaphandle kokudlula esigabeni soketshezi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezifunda zamanzi nezici zawo.