El iso lesiphepho kufana “nezigxivizo zeminwe” zesistimu, ezisitshela okuningi mayelana nezinqubo ezenzeka esiphephweni ngaleso sikhathi. Izibikezelo zisebenzisa lolu lwazi njengethuluzi lokuhlaziya isishingishane sasezindaweni ezishisayo ukubikezela ukuthi isiphepho sizovela kanjani emahoreni azayo. Uma sikhuluma “ngeso lesimiso sesivunguvungu” sibhekisela kuleso sikhungo esingenafu futhi esibonakala sizolile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphepho noma isishingishane esishisayo nesishingishane, ngoba kuyisimo esifanayo, kuphela sikhula endaweni ehlukile. .
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana neso lesiphepho, ukuthi zakhiwe kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izici zazo.
Liyini iso lenkanyamba
Lena indawo ecishe ibe yindilinga elinganayo emaphakathi nesishingishane esinamandla sasezindaweni ezishisayo. Kuyo kubonakala isibhakabhaka esicwebile, futhi ku-axis of symmetry, umoya uyakhanya. Ikwazi ukukala ukusuka ku-8 kuya ku-200 km ububanzi, nakuba iningi livame ukuba phakathi kuka-30 no-60 km (i-Weatherford ne-Grey 1988).
Ukucindezela okuphansi kakhulu ezingeni eliphezulu kubhalwe lapho, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu liphakathi kwe-troposphere. I-NOAA ichaze ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-intraocular endaweni eyi-12 km ingadlula izinga lokushisa elingaphandle kwesiphepho ngo-10°C njengoba umoya owehlayo wawushisiswe ngokucindezelwa.
ukwakheka kweso lesiphepho
Indlela eqondile ekhiqiza ngayo amehlo iseyimpikiswano phakathi kososayensi. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi iso liwumphumela we-gradient yokucindezela okuqondile, okuhlobene ne-shear kanye nokuhlakazeka kwe-radial kusuka emimoyeni ye-altitude tangential. Enye inkolelo-mbono iwukuthi iso lakha lapho ukushisa okucashile kukhishwa odongeni ukuze kuphoqe iso ukuthi ligeleze liye phansi.
I-convection ihlelwe ngamabhande emvula (amancane futhi anwetshiwe), ahambisana nomoya ovundlile, azungeza aqonde enkabeni yesistimu ye-cyclonic (ngenxa yamandla e-Coriolis ngenxa yokuzungeza komhlaba). Imimoya yafinyelela phezulu emazingeni aphansi, okwenza ukuba ukugeleza kwesiphepho phezulu kuhluke. Umjikelezo ube usubangelwa ukuhlangana komoya ofudumele, oswakeme ngaphezulu (ibhande elikhuphukayo), obese uyahluka bese ushona phezulu esibhakabhakeni (amabhande emvula asemaceleni).
Umoya ocwilayo ushiselwa ngendlela eyi-diabatically futhi ekugcineni ugeleze ungene phakathi nesishingishane, lapho ibhande lemvula lakha udonga oluzungeze iso. Ngenxa yalokho, iso alibonakali liguqubele, okungase kube umphumela wemiphumela ye-centrifugal leyo dweba isisindo samehlo ngokushintshashintshayo odongeni kanye nomoya we-downdraft ukuze unxephezele ukugeleza komoya omswakama odongeni olufanayo, kuchaza i-AOML.
"Udonga lwamehlo" nezinye izindlela zalo
Iso liboshwe "udonga lwamehlo" oluhlanganisa amafu aphezulu kakhulu. Le ringi inemimoya enamandla kakhulu futhi eyingozi kakhulu endaweni. Umoya wehla kancane kancane emehlweni, kodwa ugeleza kakhulu uye phezulu phezu kwezindonga.
Iziphepho ezinamandla (Isigaba 3 noma ngaphezulu) ngokuvamile bakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-eyewall yesibili ngaphesheya kwe-eyewall yokuqala yokuqala. Angase abonise ngisho nezindonga zamehlo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
Ububanzi beso lesiphepho esikhulu ingancishiswa ibe amakhilomitha ayi-10-25, ngaleso sikhathi amabhande emvula ambalwa angaphandle angase ahlele indandatho yangaphandle yokuduma kwezulu, ehamba kancane futhi ephuma. Ikakhulukazi umswakama kanye nesivinini. Lokhu kwenza buthaka udonga lwangaphakathi futhi lubangele ukuba lunyamalale, luthathelwe indawo udonga lwangaphandle, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "umjikelezo wokubuyisela iso".
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, isishingishane sasezindaweni ezishisayo siqala ukuba buthakathaka isikhathi esifushane, kodwa isiphepho singase sigcine umfutho waso wangaphambilini, noma (kwezinye izimo) sithole ukushuba okwengeziwe, njengoba kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iSiphepho u-Andrew senzeka eMiami (1992) . kwakungesinye sezishingishane zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezibhubhisa kakhulu ezahlasela i-United States ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
kungani kuthuleke kangaka
Inqubo ngqo ekhiqiza isikhungo isaphikisana futhi ithonywa imibono ehlukahlukene. Ukufanekisa ngesibonelo sansuku zonke, kufana nokomisa izingubo: Ngenkathi uphotha, kudaleka isikhala phakathi nendawo. Okufanayo kwenzeka esiphepho, lapho amandla amaningi, kuhlanganise nama-centrifugal, enza isikhungo sibe indawo ehlanzekile.
Kukhona futhi izimo lapho, emehlweni, ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuba khona komoya oshisayo, amanzi ahwamukile adonselwa phezulu ngokushesha, okwenza umoya wome futhi ungakwazi ukugoqa, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile awakhi. .amafu. Njengamanje, ukuba khona kwamasathelayithi nama-radar kuvumela i-Eye of Hurricane ukuthi ilandelelwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Futhi izindiza zokuhlola zivame ukungena kuzo ukuze zithole idatha (ingcindezi yazo ingenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zokwanda kokuqina). Nokho, kunezimpawu ezingakusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi uphakathi nendawo yesiphepho (uma unamathuluzi okusilinganisa):
- Ukwehla okunamandla komfutho womkhathi endaweni
- Izinga lokushisa livamise ukuba ngu-10 ºC ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-ambient
- Ngaphandle kwamathuluzi okulinganisa lezi ziguquguqukayo, kwanele ukucabanga ukuthi izinto azithuthuki ngokushesha ngemva kokudlula kwesiphepho, futhi ungaba phambi kwakho uma kuba nokuzola kungazelelwe.
Nokho, isizathu sokuthi kungani ingxenye enamandla kakhulu yokuduma kwezulu ngokuvamile ivela ngemuva kwamehlo itholakala ku-physics. Ukukunikeza umbono, bheka ukuthi amanzi ajika kuphi lapho ehla emseleni eshaweni noma kusinki. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zomzimba (okungavinjwanga amanye amandla aholayo noma izimo zemvelo), ibiyohlala izungeza ngokuphambene newashi uma uhlala enyakatho nenkabazwe, futhi okuphambene bekuzokwenzeka uma uhlala eningizimu nenkabazwe.
Isizathu ngemuva kwalokhu, esatholwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX, saziwa ngokuthi yi-Coriolis effect futhi siwumphumela wokuzungeza komhlaba eksisi yawo. La mandla azungeza iziphepho eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ngokuphambene newashi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana neso lesiphepho nezici zalo.