Ngokuqinisekile uzwile izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya lishesha kakhulu endaweni yonke. Inani elikhulu lemibono ku-physics lisebenzisa isivinini sokukhanya. Kuyisilinganiso esisungulwe umphakathi wesayensi osisizile ku-physics ne-astronomy.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nesivinini sokukhanya, umlando wakho, izici nokuthi kuyini.
Liyini ijubane lokukhanya
Isivinini sokukhanya isilinganiso esinqunywe umphakathi wesayensi futhi sisetshenziswa ngendlela evamile emikhakheni yesayensi yemvelo neyezinkanyezi. Ijubane lokukhanya limelela ibanga elihanjwa ukukhanya ngesikhathi seyunithi.
Ukuqonda izindikimba zasezulwini, indlela eziziphatha ngayo, ukuthi imisebe kazibuthe kagesi idluliselwa kanjani, nendlela ukukhanya okubonwa ngayo ngeso lomuntu kubalulekile ekutadisheni izindikimba zasemkhathini.
Uma silazi ibanga, singakwazi ukubona ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuhamba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanya okuvela elangeni kuthatha cishe imizuzu engu-8 nemizuzwana engu-19 ukufika eMhlabeni. Ijubane lokukhanya libhekwa njengokungaguquki kwendawo yonke, okungaguquki ngesikhathi nendawo ebonakalayo. Inenani lamamitha angu-299.792.458 ngomzuzwana, noma amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1.080 ngehora.
Lesi sivinini sihlobene nonyaka wokukhanya, okuyiyunithi yobude esetshenziswa kabanzi kusayensi yezinkanyezi, okuyibanga elihanjwa ukukhanya onyakeni owodwa. Ijubane lokukhanya esilethulayo ijubane lakho endaweni engenalutho. Nokho, ukukhanya kuhamba kwezinye izinto, njengamanzi, ingilazi, noma umoya. Ukudluliswa kwayo kuncike ezintweni ezithile ze-medium, njengemvume, amandla kazibuthe nezinye izakhiwo zikagesi. Bese kuba khona izifunda ngokomzimba ukuthi i-electromagnetic yenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwayo, nezinye eziyithiyo.
Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kokukhanya kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ekutadisheni isayensi yezinkanyezi, kodwa futhi ekuqondeni i-physics ehilelekile ezintweni ezifana namasathelayithi azungeza Umhlaba.
Umlando othile
AmaGreki aba ngawokuqala ukubhala phansi umsuka wokukhanya, ayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuvela ezintweni ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe umbono womuntu ukuze akubambe. Ukukhanya kwakungacatshangwa ukuthi kuhamba kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, kodwa kunalokho njengento edlulayo. Nokho, lokhu kwashintsha ngemva kokubonwa kokusitheka kwelanga. Muva nje, uGalileo Galilei wenze ucwaningo oluthile olwalungabaza “ukushesha” kwebanga elihanjwa ukukhanya.
Ososayensi abahlukahlukene benza ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene, abanye banenhlanhla kanti abanye abakwenzi, kodwa kule nkathi yokuqala yesayensi, zonke lezi zifundo ze-physics zaphishekela umgomo wokulinganisa isivinini sokukhanya, ngisho noma izinsimbi nezindlela zabo zazingalungile futhi eziyinhloko zaziyinkimbinkimbi. UGalileo Galilei waba ngowokuqala ukwenza izivivinyo zokulinganisa lesi simo, kodwa akazange athole imiphumela engasiza ukubala isikhathi sokukhanya sokuthutha.
U-Ole Roemer wenza umzamo wokuqala wokukala ijubane lokukhanya ngo-1676 ngempumelelo elinganiselwe. Ngokutadisha amaplanethi, u-Roemer wathola emthunzini woMhlaba kubonakala emzimbeni we-Jupiter ukuthi isikhathi esiphakathi kokusitheka sincipha njengoba ibanga elisuka eMhlabeni liyancipha, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ithole inani lamakhilomitha angu-214.000 ngomzuzwana, isibalo esamukelekayo uma kubhekwa izinga lokunemba okungakalwa ngalo amabanga amaplanethi ngaleso sikhathi.
Kwathi ngo-1728, uJames Bradley naye wafunda ijubane lokukhanya, kodwa ngokubona izinguquko ezinkanyezini, wathola ukufuduka okuhlobene nokuhamba koMhlaba uzungeza ilanga, lapho athola khona inani lamakhilomitha angu-301.000 XNUMX ngomzuzwana.
Kuye kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokulinganisa, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1958 usosayensi uFroome. usebenzise i-interferometer ye-microwave ukuze uthole inani lamakhilomitha angu-299.792,5 ngomzuzwana, okuyiyona enembe kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1970, ikhwalithi yezilinganiso yaba ngcono ngokwemfanelo ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini ye-laser enamandla amakhulu nokuzinza okukhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamawashi e-cesium ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwezilinganiso.
Lapha sibona ijubane lokukhanya emithonjeni yezindaba ehlukene:
- Akunalutho – 300.000 km/s
- Umoya - 2999,920 km/s
- Amanzi – 225.564 km/s
- I-Ethanol – 220.588 km/s
- I-Quartz – 205.479 km/s
- I-Crystal Crown – 197,368 km/s
- I-Flint Crystal: 186,335 km/s
- Idayimane – 123,967 km/s
Kusiza ngani ukwazi ijubane lokukhanya?
Ku-physics, isivinini sokukhanya sisetshenziswa njengesithenjwa esiyisisekelo sokulinganisa nokuqhathanisa isivinini endaweni yonke. ijubane esakaza ngalo imisebe ye-electromagnetic, ehlanganisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, amaza omsakazo, ama-X ray, nemisebe ye-gamma. Ikhono lokulinganisa leli jubane lisivumela ukuba sibale amabanga nezikhathi ezisemkhathini.
Isibonelo esibalulekile sokuthi isivinini sokukhanya sisetshenziswa kanjani ku-physics sisekutadisheni izinkanyezi. Ngoba ukukhanya kwenkanyezi kuthatha isikhathi esilinganiselwe ukufika eMhlabeni, lapho sibheka inkanyezi sibheka esikhathini esedlule. Uma inkanyezi ikude, ukukhanya kwayo kuthatha isikhathi eside ukufika kithi. Lesi sakhiwo sisivumela ukuthi siphenye indawo yonke ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene emlandweni wayo, njengoba singakwazi ukuhlaziya ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi ezakheka ezigidini noma ezigidini zeminyaka edlule.
Ku-astronomy, isivinini sokukhanya sibalulekile ukuze ubale amabanga endaweni yonke. Ukukhanya kuhamba ngesivinini esingaguquki esingamamitha angu-299,792,458 ngomzuzwana endaweni engenalutho. Lokhu kusivumela ukuba silinganise amabanga okuya ezinkanyezini ezikude nemithala sisebenzisa umqondo weminyaka yokukhanya. Unyaka okhanyayo yibanga elihanjwa ukukhanya onyakeni owodwa, futhi lilingana namakhilomitha angaba ngu-9,461 trillion. Zisebenzisa le yunithi yokulinganisa, izazi zezinkanyezi zingakwazi ukunquma ibanga lezinto ezikude zezinkanyezi futhi ziqonde kangcono ukwakheka nesikali somkhathi.
Futhi, ijubane lokukhanya lihlobene nethiyori ka-Albert Einstein yokuhlobana. Ngokwalo mbono, ijubane lokukhanya lihlala njalo kuzo zonke izinhlaka zereferensi, okunomthelela obalulekile endleleni esiqonda ngayo isikhathi nendawo. Ukuhlobana okukhethekile nokujwayelekile kuka-Einstein kuguqule ukuqonda kwethu ngendawo yonke futhi kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-GPS.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesivinini sokukhanya nezici zayo.