El isimo sezulu sase-roman esiphezulu noma inkathi ephakathi, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kwenkulungwane noma okuhlotshiswe ngenkulungwane, kwakuyinkathi yesimo sezulu esifudumele ngokungavamile esifundeni saseNyakatho ye-Atlantic eyathatha cishe ikhulu le-1990 kuya kwele-XNUMX. Isimo sezulu esihle sivame ukushiwo ezingxoxweni ezibhebhethekisa inkulumo-mpikiswano yamanje mayelana nokufudumala komhlaba. Olunye ucwaningo lukhomba lesi sikhathi njengesixakaxaka sesimo sezulu senkathi ephakathi sokupholisa komhlaba wonke kanye/noma sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwemithelela yakho ngale kwezinga lokushisa elingajwayelekile. Isimo sezulu sase-Roman optimum sibe namazinga okushisa aphezulu kune-Little Ice Age eyalandela, elingana ngokunembile neminyaka yawo-XNUMX, kodwa ngeke ifinyelele amazinga okushisa "embulunga yonke" ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nezici zesimo sezulu esiphezulu saseRoma nokuthi ziwuthinte kanjani umhlaba.
Isimo sezulu esiphezulu saseRoma
Kusukela enkathini yokugcina yeqhwa, isigqi sesimo sezulu siye saphazanyiswa izikhathi eziningana. I-Little Ice Age kanye Nenkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi Ziyiziqephu ezimbili zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Ngenxa yokushoda kwemibhalo yomlando enembile ehlanganisa wonke umhlaba kanye nokuntuleka kwamamodeli anokulungiswa okuphezulu asivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha isimo sezulu esidlule, namanje asikawazi amadethi aqondile, ama-amplitudes, noma ububanzi bendawo. Lezi zibonakala zikwazi ukuhluka ngokuya nge-hemisphere kanye nezifunda eziyinhloko ze-biogeographical.
Ngokusho kwedatha etholakalayo yomlando kanye ne-paleoclimatic, kwakukhona isimo sezulu esihle saseRoma (inkathi eshisa kakhulu), izinsuku zayo zokuqala nezokuphela zihlala zingacacile. NgeNkathi Ephakathi yaseYurophu, izovela cishe ngo-950 kuya ku-1350. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwalesi senzakalo sezulu kanye ne-Little Ice Age eyalandela yenziwe kakhulu eYurophu, lapho lesi simo sibonakala sibonakala kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kakhulu. kubhalwe kangcono.
Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esidlule
Ekuqaleni, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, le mibono iyaphikisana. Umbiko ka-2001 we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wafingqa isimo solwazi, ngokusho kochwepheshe kanye namaphaneli esayensi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano: "... amaqiniso akhona manje awasivumeli ukuthi sithi 'kunezikhathi zokupholisa noma zokufudumala ezivumelanisiwe. okungajwayelekile ngesikhathi sokucatshangelwa, kanye namagama endabuko athi 'i-ice age' kanye 'nesimo sezulu esingcono kakhulu saseRoma'. azisetshenziswanga kangako ekuchazeni izitayela zokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule".
Ngokwe-Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Agency (NOAA) yase-US, “umbono we-hemispheric noma i-global ‘medieval climate optimum’ ubungase ufudumale kunalesi samanje. Noma enye into, ayikatholakali" nokuthi "imikhondo ekhona iphakamisa ukuthi kwakungekho isikhathi eside, izinga lokushisa lenkabazwe noma lomhlaba lingafinyelela noma lidlule izinga lokushisa lekhulu lama-XNUMX”.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleoclimatologists ezisebenza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezindawo zesimo sezulu ezingokomlando zivame ukubiza isikhathi esibanda kakhulu ngokuthi "i-Little Ice Age" kanye nenkathi efudumele njenge "Medieval Global Warming". Abanye balandela umhlangano wesigodi, futhi lapho bebona isenzakalo sezulu esikhulu phakathi ne-Little Ice Age, noma isimo sezulu esikahle, bahlobanisa izenzakalo zabo naleyo nkathi. Ngakho-ke, ezinye zezenzakalo zezulu ezihamba phambili yizikhathi zokwanda komswakama noma ukubanda, kunokuba kube nezikhathi ezishisa kakhulu, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi enkabeni ye-Antarctica, lapho ukusebenza kwesimo sezulu okuphambene kuye kwarekhodwa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Isimo sezulu saseRoma singcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba
ENyakatho Atlantic naseNyakatho Melika
AmaViking asebenzisa lolu lwandle olungenaqhwa ukuze enze iGreenland nezinye izindawo eziqhelile enyakatho ekude. I-PCM yalandelwa yi-Little Ice Age, inkathi yokupholisa eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-800. E-Chesapeake Bay (USA), abacwaningi bathola izinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esihle (cishe iminyaka engu-1300-1400) kanye ne-Little Ice Age (cishe iminyaka engu-1850-XNUMX), okuyinto ingase ihlotshaniswe noshintsho kumfutho wokujikeleza kwe-thermohaline yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Izinsalela ezivela exhaphozini lasePyrmont eLower Hudson Valley, eNew York, eU.SA, zifakazela inkathi efudumele neyomile yenkathi ephakathi phakathi kuka-800 no-1300. Isomiso esithathe isikhathi eside siye sathinta izingxenye zentshonalanga ye-United States, ikakhulukazi empumalanga yeCalifornia nasentshonalanga yeGreat Basin. I-Alaska kwadingeka ibhekane namagagasi okushisa ama-3 afanayo: ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-300 A.D. C., kusukela ku-850 kuya ku-1200 nangemva kuka-1800.
Ngesikhathi sezulu esivumayo, i-viticulture yasakazeka isuka enyakatho yeYurophu yaya eningizimu yeNgilandi, lapho isekhona nanamuhla.
Ezinye izifunda
Isimo sezulu saseMpumalanga Equatorial Africa sashintshana phakathi kokomisa kunanamuhla nokuba manzi kakhulu. Isimo sezulu esome kakhulu senzeka ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esiphakathi nendawo, cishe ngo-1000 kuya ku-1270.
Ama-ice cores asuka empumalanga ye-Bransfield Basin kuNhlonhlo ye-Antarctic abonisa ngokusobala umcimbi we-Little Ice Age nesimo sezulu esilungile senkathi ephakathi. Izaqathi ezishiywe ukuze zihlukanise isikhathi esibandayo cishe ngo-1000-1100 AD zibonisa ngokunembile iqiniso lokuthi isimo sezulu esikahle siwumqondo onyakazayo, futhi phakathi nalesi sikhathi "sokufudumala", kungase kube nokufudumala kwendawo ngesikhathi esisodwa (eNorth Pole ) kanye nokupholisa (at iSouth Pole).
Ucwaningo lwamakhorali asePacific siphakamisa ukuthi izimo ezipholile, ezomile kungenzeka ukuthi zaqhubeka kwaze kwaba senkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka, ngokuhambisana nokubonakaliswa okungenzeka kwemvelo kweLa Niña. Nakuba idatha yase-Australia iyingcosana kakhulu (isimo sezulu esikahle kanye ne-Little Ice Age), ubufakazi bokwakheka kwamatshe angaguquki buphakamisa umswakama ongapheli eLake Eyre eningizimu. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, lokhu kwakuhambisana nomcimbi ojwayelekile waseLa Niña, nakuba ngokwawo kwakunganele ukukhombisa izinguquko zonyaka emazingeni echibi noma izimo zezulu kwezinye izingxenye ze-Australia.
U-Adhikari noKumon, abathathe amasampula enhlabathi eLake Nakatsuna maphakathi neJapan, baphinde baqaphela ukuba khona kwesimo sezulu esilungile kanye ne-Little Ice Age eyalandela.
Ngo-1996, ukuqokwa kwe-carbon-14 yamasampula enhlabathi e-Sargasso Sea kwabonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Little Ice Age, izinga lokushisa lolwandle lalingaphansi ngo-1 ° C kunangenkathi ka-1960-1990, futhi ngesikhathi sezulu saseRoma laliphezulu kakhulu kunangesikhathi sezulu. inkathi 1960-1990. 1990 inkathi cishe 1°C.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Roman optimum yesimo sezulu.