Ukuze ufunde iplanethi yethu, ngokuningiliziwe kunegatsha lesayensi elaziwa ngegama le-geodesy. Kuyisayensi efunda ukwakheka kobukhulu bomhlaba. Lokhu kufaka ukuzimisela kwensimu yamandla adonsela phansi yangaphandle kanye nobuso bolwandle. Ngaphakathi kwe-geodey umqondo uvame ukusetshenziswa okuyi- iphuzu le-geodesic. Ukwakhiwa komhlaba okusebenzela ukukwazi ukukhomba ngokunembile ukuma kwendawo kwendawo. Zisebenza ngokunxantathu kwama-vertices kanye nemephu yesimo sendawo kanye nesizwe sendawo yamaphuzu we-geodetic.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwephuzu le-geodetic.
Izici eziyinhloko
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ama-geodey acwaninga ukuma nobukhulu beplanethi yethu. Ngenxa yalesi sayensi singakwazi futhi ukunquma i- inkambu yangaphandle yamandla adonsela phansi kanye nobuso bolwandle. Incazelo ye-geodesy ifaka phakathi ukutadisha ukuma kokumiswa kweplanethi yethu esikhaleni. Ingxenye eyisisekelo ye-geodey inquma ukuma kwamaphoyinti ebusweni bomhlaba ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi. Ngenxa yalezi zixhumanisi singaba nenani lobubanzi, ubude nobude.
Ukwenziwa kwempahla kwawo wonke la maphuzu emhlabathini kwakha amanethiwekhi we-geodetic. Lawa manethiwekhi akhiwe ngochungechunge lwamaphoyinti aziwa njengephuzu le-geodetic. La maphuzu anezixhumanisi ezakha isisekelo se-cartography yezwe. Ungasho ukuthi bayingqalasizinda yengqalasizinda. Iphuzu le-geodesic alilutho ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwamatshe okusisiza ukuthi sikhombe indawo eqonde ngqo yendawo. Uma sezikhona, indlela ye-vertex triangulation isetshenziselwa ukwakha amamephu ezindawo ezingeni lesifunda nelikazwelonke.
ESpain kunamaphuzu angaphezu kwe-11.000 we-geodetic asatshalaliswa futhi zonke zigcinwa yiNational Geographic Institute. Wonke la mazinga ayingxenye yeNational National Geodetic Network futhi enze ukwakheka ngokoqobo kwe-European Datum 1950 Geodetic Reference System (ED50). Inethiwekhi ihlelwe ngamaqembu amabili:
- I-First Order Network (RPO): inezingqimba ezingaba ngu-680 nobude obungaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha angama-30-40 phakathi kwalowo nalowo wabo.
- I-Lower Order Network (i-ROI): Le nyoni inezingqimba ezingaba ngu-11.000 7 nobude obumaphakathi cishe obungamakhilomitha ayi-45 phakathi kolunye lwazo. Kungashiwo ukuthi kunephuzu elilodwa le-geodetic kuwo wonke amakhilomitha-skwele angama-XNUMX.
Iphuzu le-Geodesic ne-geodesy
Ama-geodetic vertices we-RPO akhiwe insika eyi-cylindrical cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-120 ukuphakama futhi cishe ngamasentimitha angama-40 ububanzi. Isisekelo ezakhelwe kuso sinobuso bamamitha ayisikwele ama-3 kakhonkolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lawo angabakwa-ROI akhiwa yinsika engamamitha ayi-120 ukuphakama namasentimitha angama-30 ububanzi. Zitholakala esisekelweni semitha elilodwa lesikwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banemininingwane ngokuvikelwa kwakho nangokuxhumanisa kwesikhundla sakho.
Izisekelo zomzimba nezibalo ezidingekayo ukuthola le datha zenza i-geodesy isayensi eyisisekelo yeminye imikhakha. I-Topography, i-cartography, i-navigation, i-civil engineering, i-photogrammetry, i-geographic information system nezinye izinjongo zamasosha ziphakelwa kusuka ku-geodesy. Uma sikuhlaziya konke lokhu ngokubuka kwento efundwayo siyabona ukuthi ukwahlukana kungasungulwa kube yizinto ezahlukahlukene ezibhekelwe yi-geodesy.
Izinhlobo ze-geodey
Namuhla, cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi obuphathelene nalesi siyalo udinga ukungenelela kweziningi zalezi zingxenye. Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izigaba nokuhlukahluka kwe-geodey:
- I-geodey geometri: unesibopho sokunquma ukwakheka kobukhulu beplanethi yoMhlaba engxenyeni yayo yejometri. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuthola izixhumanisi zamaphuzu ebusweni bomhlaba.
- I-geodesy yomzimba: unesibopho sokutadisha insimu yokudonsela phansi yoMhlaba nakho konke ukuhluka okwenzekayo. Kuphethe futhi ukutadisha amaza olwandle nolwandle kanye nobudlelwano nomqondo wokuphakama.
- Isayensi yezinkanyezi yeGeodesic: Kuphethe ukunquma ukuxhumanisa kobuso bomhlaba lapho izilinganiso zezinkanyezi zingenziwa khona.
- Indawo geodesy: inquma ukuma kwezixhumanisi kusuka ezilinganisweni ezenziwe kuma-satellite okwenziwa nezinye izinto zemvelo noma ezingezona ezitholakala ngaphandle kweplanethi yethu.
- I-Microgeodesy: Lokhu ukwahluka okubhekele ukukala ukukhubazeka kwezakhiwo zemisebenzi yomphakathi noma izindawo ezincane zomhlaba. Lokhu kukhubazeka kukalwa ngobuciko obuphezulu be-geodetic.
Ukubaluleka kwephoyinti le-geodetic
Uma sibheka isimo soMhlaba futhi singafaki ukuma komhlaba noma ukuma kwangaphandle, siyabona ukuthi ifana nencazelo ye-geoid. I-geoid ayilutho nje lobubanzi bezinga le-equipotential lwensimu yomhlaba yamandla adonsela phansi. Ukubaluleka kwephuzu le-geodetic kulele ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi yeziteshi ezihlala njalo. Izinhloso zale nethiwekhi ezakhiwe kusukela ngonyaka we-1998 yiGeodesy Area yeNational Geographic Institute yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Thola konke ukuxhumanisa ngezinga eliphakeme lokunemba nezinsimu ze-velocity cishe kuwo wonke amaphuzu kunethiwekhi.
- Nikela encazelweni yezinhlelo ezintsha ze-Global Reference Systems endaweni kazwelonke.
- Sebenzisa imininingwane etholakele ukwenza amarekhodi. Lawa marekhodi azosetshenziswa kwezinye izifundo emkhakheni we-geodynamics, troposphere, ionosphere, meteorology, njll.
- Inethiwekhi eyisisekelo ingachazwa ukuxhasa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhathi sangempela.
- Inikezela ngemininingwane yemisebenzi ye-geodetic, topographic, cartographic kanye ne-positioning.
Ngenxa yenethiwekhi yokusatshalaliswa kwala maphuzu, amamephu wesimo sendawo angenziwa ezingeni lesifunda nelikazwelonke. Yize ekuboneni kuqala zibukeka nje njengezicucu zikakhonkolo ngaphandle kwenani, lapho uhamba izintaba ufika endaweni ephakeme uzobona iphuzu le-geodesic.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nephuzu le-geodetic nezici zalo.