Enye yezintaba-mlilo eyaziwa ngokuthi yohlobo lwe-stratovolcano oludume kakhulu e-Indonesia ngomsebenzi wayo omkhulu wentaba-mlilo Isigubhu. Kube ngolunye lwezintaba-mlilo ezinomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu orekhodwe emhlabeni kuze kube manje. Yingakho ibhekwa njengenye yezintaba-mlilo ezikhetheke kakhulu ezikhona. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngale ntaba-mlilo, sizobuyekeza izici zayo eziyinhloko, ukwakheka kwayo nemvelaphi yayo, ukuqhuma kwayo kanye nomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi nge-volcano yaseTambora, lokhu okuthunyelwe kwakho.
Izici eziyinhloko
Le volcano ingeyeqembu lezintaba-mlilo. Kusho ukuthi yakhiwe ngesakhiwo esinamandla esakhiwa inani elikhulu lamaminerali aqinile ngokuqhuma okubekwe njengokuqhuma. Lokhu kuqhuma kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, ngakho-ke kungabhekwa njenge-volcano ehlala isebenza. Ingxenye yolwazi ezokwenza umehluko omkhulu ekunqumeni umthethosisekelo wakho ukuthi ubude kangakanani. Yize lokhu kuphakama kungamamitha angu-2.850 kuphela ngaphezu kolwandle, kuyinto ephakeme kakhulu ukuthi ingaba yi-stratovolcano.
Kumele sazi ukuthi i-caldera caldera ingukucindezeleka kohlobo lwentaba-mlilo okwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Isizathu esikhulu futhi esivame kakhulu ukuthi igumbi lamagma liyacwila noma lishintshe lapho intaba-mlilo iphezulu kunesisekelo esingasekelwa. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi lesi sigaba sezintaba-mlilo sibe nomgodi omkhulu futhi ungabona uhlobo lwe-vacuum uma ubheka phezulu.
Indaba yandiswa kuyaziwa ukuthi intaba-mlilo iTambora yafinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-4300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi ibhekwe njengenye yezintaba eziphakeme kakhulu kuyo yonke i-Indonesia ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kwashintsha lapho igumbi lakhe le-magma ligcwaliswa. Futhi ukuthi sikwazi ukuchaza lokhu kufanele sisebenzise ukwakheka kwentaba-mlilo.
Ukwakhiwa kwentaba-mlilo iTambora
Le volcano idume ngokuqhuma okukhulu kohlobo lwendawo njengoba isendaweni engaphansi. Indawo yokudonswa lapho ipuleti elilodwa lishona ngaphansi kwelinye. Siyazi ukuthi intaba-mlilo itholakala cishe cishe amakhilomitha angama-340 ukusuka eJava Trench futhi cishe amakhilomitha angama-190 ngenhla kwendawo yokuqothulwa kwetectonic plate etholakala ngaphansi kweSumbawa Islands.
Ukuhamba kwamapuleti yikhona okwadala ingcindezi enkulu ukuthi ikhiqizwe kumazimu ngaphakathi komhlaba. Ukuba nale ngcindezi enkulu, i-magma yafuna indlela yokuphuma. Nakhu ukuthi zingaki izintaba-mlilo ezigcina zakhiwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Intaba-mlilo yaseTambora yasendulo yahlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-57.000 edlule futhi lokho kwaqala ukwakheka kumadiphozithi okugeleza kwamanzi aqina. Lolu hlobo lokwakheka lwenzeka kakhulu ezintabeni-mlilo zohlobo lwe-stratovolcano, ezaziwa nangokuthi izintaba-mlilo eziyinhlanganisela.
Cishe eminyakeni engama-43.000 eyedlule, kwakhiwa i-caldera enkulu eyafinyelela ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha angama-4.000. Konke lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi inkathi yePleistocene engasekho futhi yagcwala ukugeleza kwamanzi. Kamuva, kwasekuqaleni kweHolocene yokuqala, kwakukhona ukuqhuma okuqhumayo okwashintsha isimo se-volcano. Ukuqhuma okubaluleke kunakho konke kwale volcano kwenzeka ngo-1815. Kwenziwa ukuqomisana kwe-radiocarbon okukuvumele ukuthi kungene ebangeni lokuqhuma okubaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando womlando.
Ukuqhuma kwentabamlilo yaseTambora
Kunerekhodi lokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okungu-7, okubaluleke kakhulu okwenzeka ngo-1815. Umlando wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iTambora Ibuyela emuva okungenani eminyakeni engama-50.000 XNUMX. Kuqhume ukuqhuma okungu-7, okudala kunakho konke kwenzeka ngo-3.900 5.000 BC. Okungaphezulu noma okuncane kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi kokuqhuma okukodwa kanye nomunye kunomehluko olinganiselwa eminyakeni engu-XNUMX XNUMX. Ekuqhumeni ngakunye kunomehluko phakathi kwezendlalelo zokugeleza kwelava ezenzekayo namandla azo.
Okunye ukuqhuma okwaziwayo nokuqinisekisiwe zenzeka ngonyaka ka 3000 BC, ngonyaka ka 1812, ngo-1819, yize okubi kakhulu kwenzeka ngo-1815. Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside ukungasebenzi kwentaba-mlilo, izakhamizi zamazwe azungeze intaba-mlilo iTambora zamangala ngokulandelana kokuzamazama komhlaba okuhlukahlukene. Bamangala futhi lapho bebona ukuphuma kwesitimu nomlotha oshemula wale stratovolcano. Yize iqhume, lezi zakhamizi bezingakhathazekile ngokweqile ngoba bekungeyona ingozi eyingozi ukuqhuma.
Kwakungu-Ephreli 5, 1815, lapho kwenzeka okubi kakhulu. Namuhla intabamlilo iqhume ngodlame olukhulu futhi yaxosha ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic. Kubhekwa njengohlobo lokuqhuma kweziqhumane futhi ingazwakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-1.400 XNUMX. Kakade ngosuku olulandelayo, umlotha wentaba-mlilo wawa empumalanga yeJava futhi nawo wabanga imisindo emikhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuqhuma. Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kamuva, okunye ukuqhuma okubi kakhulu emlandweni kwenzeka. Kungokunye ukuqhuma okunodlame kakhulu emlandweni wonke, kukhipha kuze kufike ku-150 cubic kilometres yedwala nomlotha kufinyelela ebangeni lamakhilomitha ayi-1.300 ukuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Kwakunjalo ukuqhuma nomonakalo wayo lokho abantu ababalelwa ku-60.000 balahlekelwe yimpilo yabo. Lokhu kuqhuma kwaziwa njengesinye sezibi kakhulu njengoba sasinamandla kakhulu kunaleso sentaba-mlilo iKrakatoa eyenzeka ngonyaka we-1883. Kulolu hlobo lwentaba-mlilo, into eyakhishwa yayinkulu ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kunaleyo evela kulokhu kuqhuma. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi balahlekelwa yimiphefumulo yabo futhi imifula yodaka lwagcwala ngokuphelele izigxobo eziseduze nawo wonke amapulazi. Lo mcimbi udale ukwakhiwa kwe-caldera enkulu kakhulu eqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku futhi idale ukuthi intaba-mlilo ilahlekelwe ukuphakama okuningi.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, le ntaba-mlilo ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni uma unikezwa ubudlova bokuqhuma okwenzeka ngo-1815. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngentaba-mlilo iTambora kanye nokuqhuma kwayo okuyingozi okunodlame.