Siyazi ukuthi ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke minyaka yonke emhlabeni wethu amazinga okushisa ayanda. Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi beberekhoda kuwo wonke umlando ngezifundo ezahlukahlukene okuyizikhathi ezishisayo nezibandayo iplanethi yethu eye yadlula kuzo. Nakhu inkathi efudumele yenkathi ephakathi lokho kusisiza siqonde kakhudlwana ukuthi umkhathi uziphatha kanjani namuhla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma nawe mayelana nenkathi efudumele yenkathi ephakathi nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo.
inkathi efudumele yenkathi ephakathi
Inkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi ibonakala ihambisana nomthethosivivinywa. Kusikhumbuza uma ukufudumala kwemvelo kwemvelo nayo yonke imiphumela yako yenzeka esikhathini esidlule futhi abantu abazange bayibangele, khona-ke mhlawumbe asinasibopho sakho. Akusho lutho ngoba uma siphila esikhathini esedlule, ngokuqinisekile singasinda manje. Kodwa akulula kangako.
Lesi sikhathi sokufudumala kwenkathi ephakathi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Medieval Climate Anomaly, yayihlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okungavamile phakathi kuka-AD 750 no-1350 (iNkathi Ephakathi YaseYurophu). Ubufakazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi amazinga okushisa kwezinye izifunda ayefudumele kunalawo aqoshwa phakathi kuka-1960 no-1990.
Nakuba ngokuyinhloko irekhodiwe eYurophu, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, nakwezinye izindawo ezishisayo, iNkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi yathinta kokubili ama-hemispheres asenyakatho naseningizimu. Kodwa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa akuyona indawo yonke, kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zomhlaba futhi akwenzeki yonke indawo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ngenkathi iNyakatho Nenkabazwe, iNingizimu Melika, iChina ne-Australasia, ngisho neNew Zealand, amazinga okushisa aqoshiwe aphakathi kuka-0,3 no-1,0 °C afudumele kunango-1960-1990 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi ephakeme kakhulu kwezinye izifunda njengasempumalanga yePacific eshisayo.
Izindlela zenkathi efudumele yenkathi ephakathi
Izikhathi ezifudumele zenkathi ephakathi zazivame ukuba umcimbi wesifunda. Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwazo kubonisa ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kokushisa emhlabeni wonke, okuphakamisa izici ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini afana ne-carbon dioxide. Izimbangela okungenzeka kakhulu zokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwesifunda zihlobene nezinguquko ku-El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
Le phethini yesimo sezulu eyenzeka empumalanga ye-Pacific eshisayo kanye namazinga okushisa olwandle athinta isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kuzo zonke izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ngokuvamile iletha amafu nemvula entshonalanga ye-tropical Pacific, okwenza i-Pacific tropical Pacific yome uma kuqhathaniswa futhi ipholile.
Phakathi nezikhathi ezifudumele zeNkathi Ephakathi, ukwanda kwemisebe yelanga nokuncipha kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwadala izenzakalo ezifana ne-La Niña ezashintsha iphethini evamile. Imimoya yokuhweba enamandla yadudula amanzi afudumele aye ngase-Asia, okuholela e-Australasia emanzi, isomiso eningizimu ye-United States naseNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi; nezimvula ezinamandla nezikhukhula ePacific Northwest naseCanada.
Ukwanda kwemisebe yelanga kuye kwashintsha nesimiso sokucindezela komkhathi eNyakatho ye-Atlantic (i-North Atlantic Oscillation), okuletha ubusika obufudumele nezimo ezimanzi endaweni enkulu esenyakatho yeYurophu kanye nengxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Lezi zimo ziphinde zathinta isimo sezulu sasebusika eGreenland, eNyakatho Afrika naseNyakatho ye-Asia.
Imiphumela engalingani kubantu kanye nemvelo
Cishe iminyaka engama-300, lezi zimo zezulu ezintsha ziye zashintsha imvelo futhi zashintsha ngokuyisisekelo imiphakathi yabantu. Njengoba inyakatho yeYurophu iqala ukufudumala, ezolimo zanda futhi zenza insalela yokudla. Ngaleso sikhathi, I-England yayifudumele ngokwanele ukwamukela iziviniNjengoba ohulumeni abakhulu baseYurophu baqina, abantu babengasadingi izinqaba ukuze bavikele umhlaba wabo owawulinganiselwe, futhi abaningi baqala ukufuna indawo entsha.
Ukwanda okufanayo kwezolimo kuye kwenzeka ezingxenyeni ezithile zeNyakatho Melika, kodwa abalimi base-Asia Ephakathi nabo baye basakazekela enyakatho yeRussia, eManchuria, eSigodini sase-Amur, nasenyakatho yeJapane. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kwaphawula ukuqala kokunqotshwa kukaGenghis Khan nezizwe zakhe zamaMongol.
Njengoba amazinga okushisa ayekhuphuka, izwe lase-Arctic neqhwa lasolwandle kwancipha, indawo entsha yaqala ukufinyeleleka, futhi amaViking athuthela enyakatho kunangaphambili. Bagcina sebeseGreenland "eluhlaza" nase-Iceland lapho bahlala khona (isikhashana).
Irekhodi lokugcina elilotshiwe labakwaNorwegian Greenlanders livela emshadweni wase-Iceland ngo-1408, kamuva eyaqoshwa e-Hvalsey Church e-Iceland, indawo egcinwe kakhulu eNorway.
abantu
Lolu hambo olude lwenzeka naseningizimu nenkabazwe. Inkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi ihambisane nokuhlala kwe-New Zealand kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemizila emisha yokuhweba e-Pacific Rim.
Izimo ezifudumele zalesi sikhathi zaletha izinzuzo eziningi ekuphileni kwezitshalo nezilwane zeplanethi, kodwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ukuphila kwabantu kwenziwa kubi kakhulu ngenxa yesomiso esibi kakhulu. Izingxenye zaseNtshonalanga Melika kanye namadolobha amakhulu aseMayan aseMelika Ephakathi zahlaselwa isomiso esikhulu, futhi impucuko yase-Andean yabuna lapho kuchithwa iChibi iTiticaca nokugeleza kwamanzi angenasawoti ezigodini ezisogwini.
Imiphakathi emincane ehlakazekile endaweni yasePacific yaphoqeleka ukuba ihlangane ibe imiphakathi emikhulu neyinkimbinkimbi egxile ogwini. Baqoqa i-shellfish futhi bayigcwalise ngemikhiqizo emisha yezolimo (ukwakhiwa kwemisele kanye nezingadi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, amasimu okulima ezindaweni eziwumqansa kanye nokunisela izitshalo zasemathafeni).
Ngokuphambene, i-La Niña iletha umoya onamandla we-monsoonal ezindaweni ezomile ezisenyakatho, enkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Australia, okwandisa izikhukhula nokukhuphuka kwesiphepho, okungenzeka kuphazamise amaphethini okuhlala abazingeli abaqoqayo kulezi zifunda.
Iqiniso lokuthi ezinye izingxenye zomhlaba empeleni zaphumelela phakathi Inkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi inikeza izimpikiswano zezikhundla zabangabaza ukufudumala komhlaba. Kodwa kukhona ukuhluka okubili okuyisisekelo okwenza iNkathi Efudumele Yenkathi Ephakathi ihluke kulokho esibhekana nakho manje.
Isisekelo esisetshenziswa namuhla qhathanisa amazinga okushisa ne-Medieval Warm Period ingu-1960-1990. Nakuba ezinye izifunda zihlangabezane noma zeqa lesi sisekelo, ngokwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke iplanethi isabanda kunanamuhla.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nenkathi efudumele yenkathi ephakathi kanye nezici zayo.