La inkanyezi ye-neutron kanye nezinkanyezi ze-quark, njengezimbobo ezimnyama, ziyizinto ezijabulisayo. I-Astrophysics ithuthuke ngokwanele ukuze isinikeze ulwazi oluyigugu kakhulu ngayo, olusikhuthaza ukuba siqhubeke sinaka, sithemba ukuthi izazi zendawo yonke zingaziqonda kangcono futhi zisisize siqonde ngokunembile inqubo ebangela ukuqeqeshwa kwazo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinkanyezi ze-neutron, izici zazo kanye nemvelaphi.
Inkanyezi ye-Neutron
Nakuba lezi zinkanyezi ezinama-neutron nama-quarks zingama-protagonists angempela alesi sihloko, ukuze siziqonde, sinesithakazelo sokuqala ekubuyekezeni inqubo yokuphila yezinkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuba singene kufulawa, kubonakala kubalulekile ukwenza isitatimende senhloso: ngeke uthole i-equation kulesi sihloko. Abadingi ukuqonda ngokunembile nangokunembile ukuthi izinqubo zomzimba ezithokozisayo ezichaza ukwakheka kwazo zisebenza kanjani.
Izinkanyezi zakhiwe amafu othuli negesi asakazeke endaweni yonke. Lapho ukuminyana kwelinye lamafu kuphakeme ngokwanele, amandla adonsela phansi azosebenza kuwo, okuyoholela ekubonakaleni komshini ongakhathali obizwa ngokuthi ukufinyela, okuzofinyeza ukwaziswa okuqukethwe emafini futhi kancane kancane kwakhe izinkanyezi ezincane noma ama-protostar. Lesi sigaba sokuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi sibizwa ngokuthi ukulandelana okuyinhloko, lapho izinkanyezi zithola khona amandla ngokufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi.
Origen
Cishe I-70% yesisindo senkanyezi yi-hydrogen, i-24-26% i-helium kanti i-4-6% esele iyinhlanganisela yezinto zamakhemikhali. bunzima kune-helium. Ukuphila kwenkanyezi ngayinye kuthinteka ekubunjweni kwayo kokuqala, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, kuthinteka kakhulu ngobuningi bayo, okungeyona into engaphezu kwenani lezinto amandla adonsela phansi angakwazi ukunqwabelana futhi afinyeze engxenyeni yendawo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu zisebenzisa uphethiloli ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu, ngakho njengoba sizobona kuso sonke lesi sihloko, zinesikhathi esifushane sokuphila futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, zinobudlova futhi ziyamangalisa. Njengoba ukufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi kufinyela into equkethwe efwini, izinga lokushisa layo liyenyuka kancane kancane.
Uma inani lezinto eziqoqiwe likhulu ngokwanele, ingcindezi nezimo zokushisa ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ngokuzenzekelayo i-hydrogen nuclei ngokusabela kwe-nuclear fusion kuzovela ku-nucleus. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomgogodla we-protostar lifinyelela ku-10 million degrees Celsius, ukuthungela nge-hydrogen kwenzeka. Isikhathi lapho lezi zimo zenzeka ngaso isikhathi lapho isithando somlilo senuzi sivulwa ngaso. futhi inkanyezi iqala isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi ukulandelana okuyinhloko, lapho idonsa khona amandla ekuhlanganisweni kwama-nuclei e-hydrogen.
I-Core fusion
Umkhiqizo we-hydrogen fusion uyinucleus entsha ye-helium, ngakho ukwakheka kwenkanyezi kuqala ukushintsha. Kule nqubo, inani elikhulu lamandla likhishwa futhi izinkanyezi ziphoqeleka ukuba zihlale zilungisa ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-hydrostatic. Izazi zezinkanyezi banamathuluzi ezibalo angachaza le nqubo ngokunembe kakhulu, kodwa sinentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi i-hydrostatic equilibrium yinqwaba egcina inkanyezi zizinzile.
Ukufeza lokhu, kubalulekile ukuthi amandla amabili aphikisanayo ahlangane futhi abhekane. Esinye sazo siwukufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi, okuthi, njengoba sesibonile, kucindezela ukwaziswa kwenkanyezi, kuyikhama ngokungenasihawu. Okunye ukucindezela kwemisebe negesi, okuwumphumela wokushiswa kwesithando somlilo senuzi, esizama ukwandisa inkanyezi. Ukulungiswa okungapheli izinkanyezi ezikutholayo lapho zisebenzisa i-hydrogen futhi zikhiqiza i-helium nuclei entsha kunesibopho sokuyigcina isesimweni, ngakho ukufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-radiation kanye nomfutho wegesi ngakolunye, kugcinwa kude.
Kule nqubo, umnyombo wenkanyezi uphoqeleka ukuba unciphe ukuze ukhuphule izinga lokushisa layo futhi uvimbele ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Uma ingakwazi ukulinganisa ngenxa yokucindezela kwemisebe negesi, izoba nokuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Uma isisindo senkanyezi sikhulu ngokwanele, umnyombo wayo uzoshisa futhi ucindezele kangangokuthi lapho i-hydrogen isiphelile, i-helium core izohlangana. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-triple alpha izoqala.
Izici zenkanyezi ye-Neutron
Lesi simo sichaza indlela ama-nuclei amathathu e-helium ahlangana ngayo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-carbon nucleus, futhi kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elihlanganisiwe le-hydrogen nuclei. Kule nqubo, inkanyezi izoqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinqolobane zayo ze-helium, ikhiqize i-carbon nuclei, futhi ilungise kabusha ukuze igcine ibhalansi ephelele, futhi ngenxa yemiphumela ehlangene yokufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemisebe nengcindezi yegesi. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ingeke iyeke ukukhiqiza ikhabhoni.
Uma le elementi iqedwa kumongo, ilungisa kabusha, icindezele futhi inyuse izinga lokushisa layo futhi ukuze igweme ukuwohloka kwamandla adonsela phansi. Kusukela kuleli qophelo kuqhubeke, i-carbon core izovutha ngenqubo yokuhlangana kwe-nuclear futhi iqale ukukhiqiza izakhi zamakhemikhali ezisindayo.
Nakuba emnyombweni wenkanyezi, ukuhlangana kwekhabhoni kwenzeka engxenyeni engenhla eseduze, ukuthungela kwe-helium kuhlala kungashintshile. Futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu i-hydrogen. Enqubweni ye-stellar nucleosynthesis, igama lenqubo lapho ukusabela kwenyukliya kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwalezi zinto, izinkanyezi zithatha isakhiwo se-hierarchical esifana no-anyanisi. Izakhi ezisinda kakhulu zisemnyombeni, futhi ukusuka lapho sithola izakhi ezilula ngokulandelana.
Izinkanyezi empeleni zinesibopho sokukhiqiza izakhi zamakhemikhali. Kuyo kuhlanganiswe umoya-mpilo, i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, i-calcium ne-phosphorus akha u-99% wesisindo somzimba wethu. Futhi izakhi zamakhemikhali ezakha i-1% esele. Udaba olusenza sibe phezulu akulona nje thina kuphela, kodwa konke okusizungezile ngokoqobo kuvela ezinkanyezini.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nenkanyezi ye-neutron nezici zayo.