Imifula enamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni

Imifula ibilokhu ingumthombo oyisisekelo wokuphila ekuthuthukisweni komuntu, njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi izigidi zabantu ziye zakhula eduze noma eduze kwayo. Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuyisinqumo esibalulekile kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kwezakhamuzi nasekulinyweni, ukudoba noma ukuzingela izilwane zendawo, futhi ngisho nanamuhla sisaqhubeka sincike kuzo ngokwengxenye. Nakuba ngokuvamile imifula igelezela olwandle, olwandle, noma komunye umfula, ngezinye izikhathi igcina yomile uma okuthile kuyivimbela ekuhlanganeni nelinye iquqaba lamanzi. Inani lamanzi ajikelezayo kuwo yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukugeleza. I imifula emikhulu emhlabeni Yizona ezinamanzi amaningi azungezayo kuwo.

Kulesi sihloko sizokwazisa ukuthi yimiphi imifula emikhulu emhlabeni kanye nezici zayo eziyinhloko.

Izici zemifula emikhulu emhlabeni

Imifula iyimithombo yamanzi, ilandela indlela yayo ngokusebenzisa imigudu, ngakho-ke ayihlali inganyakazi, kodwa inyakaza futhi ikhiqize amandla. Bangabaqophi bendawo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zomfula zingabonakala:

• Umthombo. Lena indawo yokuqala yomfula, okungaba amanzi aphuma entwasahlobo, iqhwa elincibilikayo, ichibi, noma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ivamise ukuba indawo ephakeme lapho imifula yehlela emithambekeni eyimiqansa.
• Boca. Kulapho umfula uphela khona futhi uhlangane nolwandle, ulwandle, noma amanye amanzi anjengechibi noma ichibi.
• Ukuhlangana. Kulapho kuhlangana khona imifula emibili.
• Intela. Umfula omncane noma umfudlana oxhunywe emfuleni.
• amanzi. Indawo ngayinye ikhanywa umfula. Lezi zitsha ezimbili zihlukaniswa ngomugqa ohlukanisayo ("isitsha" ngokufushane) ophawula umngcele wendawo phakathi kokubili.
• Canal. Indlela encane eyakhiwe isenzo samanzi; umfula ugeleza emseleni, futhi indlela yomfula ibizwa ngokuthi "umzila".
• Umbhede. Isiteshi esingezansi.
• ogwini. Njengoba igama lazo liphakamisa, zingamaphethelo omfula ezinhlangothini zombili zomzila.

Imifula ibuye "yondliwa" ngamanzi agelezayo, ageleza olwandle. Ukugeleza kwamanzi akuyona into engaphezu kwamanzi emvula ageleza phezulu kodwa akwazi ukufinyelela emifuleni.

Imifula enamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni

Umfula iGanges

I-Ganges ne-tributaries yayo iyisithonjana esingephikiswe uma ifika eNdiya, idonsa indishi evundile engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angu-900.000 esekela inani elikhulu labantu. Ikleliswe ekugcineni ohlwini ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-14.270 m³/s, nakuba izinga layo lokungcola liyibeka phezulu kwemifula engu-10 engcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni.

Nakuba kuye kwaqaliswa imizamo ehlukene yokwelapha amanzi ayo futhi avinjwe ukuba angaqhubeki abangela amazinga aphezulu kangaka okungcola olwandle (amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-545 emfucumfucu yepulasitiki ngonyaka), zonke zehlulekile. I-Ganges ingumfula wamazwe ngamazwe osuka entshonalanga ye-Himalaya futhi ugeleza phakathi kweNdiya neBangladesh.

lena river

Umfula iLena ungumfula omude, esingawuthola eSiberia, odabula esifundeni sase-Irkutsk naseSakha Republic, futhi ekugcineni uhlangana noLwandle iLaptev (i-Arctic Ocean). yakha i-delta engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10.800.

Naphezu kokuntuleka kwemvula esifundeni, ukugeleza kweSeine kusalokhu kungama-cubic metres angu-16.400 XNUMX ngomzuzwana, umfula wesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Umfula uLena unokuheha izivakashi okuthakazelisayo, i-Pilares del Lena, okuyizakhiwo zamatshe osebeni lomfula, zizungezwe izindaba kanye nezinganekwane.

UMfula iMississippi

Umfula iMississippi udume ngokunqamula ezifundazweni eziyi-10 ezimaphakathi (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana), Izifunda eziyi-10 zibalwa njengomfula wesishiyagalombili ngobukhulu emhlabeni nokugeleza okungu-18.000 m³/s.

Kwakuvele kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenani labantu ei-pre-Columbian encane, kodwa namuhla isewumgogodla wezomnotho namasiko e-United States. Njengoba ubude bamakhilomitha angu-6.275 (uma sicabangela uhlelo lwe-Mississippi-Missouri), umfula wesine omude kakhulu emhlabeni.

Río de la Plata

I-Río de la Plata inomgodi omkhulu we-hydrological (owesibili ngobukhulu eNingizimu Melika) ohlanganisa amanzi emfuleni iParaná ne-Uruguay, inyunyana yawo eyakhayo, kanye nemifula ehlukene namaxhaphozi. Yaqanjwa ngoMfula iJordani ngu-Amerigo Vespucci, kodwa amathonya endawo kamuva ayinika igama esilaziyo namuhla.

Ukufinyelela kwayo okuphezulu namaphakathi akujulile futhi akunakho ukungena kukasawoti, kodwa kusukela ePunta del Este e-Uruguay kuya eSamboronbón Bay e-Argentina, njengoba le ngxenye isivele iyichweba lasolwandle, ukujula kwayo kuyanda futhi usawoti wayo ukhula kakhulu. i-Atlantic. Ingamakhilomitha angama-325 ubude, inendawo engamakhilomitha angama-234 endaweni ebanzi kakhulu futhi Inesilinganiso sokugeleza kwama-cubic metres angama-22.000 ngomzuzwana.

umfula omnyama

I-Rio Negro, nakuba ingeyesithupha kulolu hlu, inkulu kunawo wonke ama-tributaries ase-Amazon, kanye nomfula omkhulu wamanzi amnyama emhlabeni. Izalelwa eColombia, endaweni engaphansi kweGuayana, lapho yaziwa khona ngokuthi uMfula iGuainha, nawo odlula eVenezuela futhi ugeleze ungene eBrazil ukuya esifundeni sase-Amazonas, lapho uhlangana khona nomfula omkhulu wegama elifanayo.

Inobude obungamakhilomitha angu-2.250 nokujula cishe amamitha angama-80 angashintshi, okuholela ekugelezeni kwe-29.300 cubic metres ngomzuzwana.

Umfula iMadeira

Umfula iMadeira ungomunye wemingenela emikhulukazi yase-Amazon. ngobude obuphelele obuyi-3.250 km kanye nokugeleza kwama-cubic metres angama-31.200 ngomzuzwana. Waziwa nangokuthi uMfula iCuyari, ugeleza unqamule enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, wenze umngcele ongamakhilomitha ayi-100 phakathi kweBolivia neBrazil, futhi uhamba ngemikhumbi yasolwandle isikhathi esiningi sonyaka.

Namuhla kuseyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sezomnotho ngoba ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezingu-900 zezinhlanzi esingazithola kulo lonke lolu hlelo, iPort Velho iyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yohwebo nokuhlinzekwa kwamanye amadolobha aseBrazil. Ngokungafani neminye imifula, iMadeira ayigelezi kunoma yiluphi ulwandle, kodwa ingene e-Amazon.

Umfula waseYangtze

Nakuba kuwumfula omude kunawo wonke eShayina, ukuhunyushwa kwezwi nezwi kwegama lawo ngokuthi "Long River" akulona ize, umfula wesithathu omude kunawo wonke emhlabeni, umfula iYangtze ungumfula wesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngama-cubic metres angu-31.900 ngomzuzwana. Umfula ugelezela olwandle ngemva kokudlula ezifundazweni ezingu-10 eChina, futhi ngaphezu kwama-70% okukhiqizwa kwerayisi nezinhlanzi kwenzeka emgodleni.

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuchitheka kwezimboni nezasekhaya, umfula njengamanje uhlangabezana nokungcola okungalawuleki futhi kuthinta kakhulu izitshalo nezilwane ezincike kuwo.

Umfula i-Orinoco

Umfula i-Orinoco ungomunye wemifula ebaluleke kakhulu eNingizimu Melika futhi unethonya elikhulu lomlando nezomnotho e-Venezuela, lapho ugeleza khona kakhulu. Ubude obuphelele bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-2.000 nokugeleza ingu-33.000 cubic metres ngomzuzwana, ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni.

Enye yezintelezi zalo mfula yizo zonke izindaba ezinhle nezinsumansumane ezixoxwa kusukela emthonjeni wawo eVenezuela kuya emlonyeni wawo oLwandle i-Atlantic, njengetshe Eliphakathi, ukutholakala kukaToninas (ihlengethwa elipinki) noma iHydra engaqondakali.

I-Río Congo

Ngaphambilini owawaziwa ngokuthi uMfula iZaire, umfula iCongo ungumfula omaphakathi ne-Afrika ogeleza udabule emazweni amane (iZambia, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, i-Angola, neRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo) ungumfula wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni (41.800 m³/s). Ubude bayo busho ukuthi inqamula inkabazwe kabili emzileni wayo, obuye uhambe phakathi kweKisangani neChibi iMalebo.

Indawo yokungena yayo ibheke olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, kodwa ezinye izikhukhula ekugcineni komgwaqo wawo zivimbela ukungena emfuleni olwandle.

I-Amazon River

Umfula obaluleke kakhulu futhi owaziwayo emhlabeni wethu njengoba uphethe isihloko somude futhi onamandla kunayo yonke (250.000 m³/s) kuyo yonke imifula esemhlabeni. Ingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-7.000 ubude futhi ingahamba emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye eNingizimu Melika.

Isigodi soMfula i-Amazon sihlanganisa ingxenye yesihlanu yawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile asemhlabeni, umlomo wawo usoLwandle i-Atlantic, uwumthombo wokuphila kwehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon. I-carbon dioxide ikhona emkhathini wethu.

Yonke le mifula inomthelela omkhulu, hhayi kuphela ezindaweni egeleza kuzo, kodwa nasezilwandle egeleza kuzo, njengoba imele umthombo omkhulu we-hydrology kanye nensiza yemvelo ebalulekile yezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banemiphumela ebalulekile emijikelezweni nasezinqubweni zeplanethi yethu, amazinga aphezulu okungcola, njengasendabeni yeGanges, bangaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ngaphandle kwesifunda sabo. Amanzi awumthombo oyinhloko wokuphila emhlabeni wethu futhi kufanele siwathande ngazo zonke izinhlobo zawo, kusukela emifuleni nasemachibini kuya olwandle nezilwandle, ngoba zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zithembele kuwo ukuze ziphile kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemifula emikhulu emhlabeni kanye nezici zayo.