Uma uvame ukubona isibikezelo sezulu kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ngegama climagram. Kuyithuluzi elisetshenziswa kabanzi kwizimo zezulu ukumela okuguquguqukayo okubili okusetshenziswa kakhulu: imvula nokushisa. I-climogram ayilona igrafu kuphela lapho lezi zinto ezihlukile zimelwe khona futhi amanani azo asungulwa.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi amashadi wesimo sezulu asebenza kanjani futhi ufunde ukuthi uwahumusha kanjani? Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sikuchazela konke ngokuphelele 🙂
Izici zeshadi lesimo sezulu
Ngamagama esayensi kunembile ukubiza lolu hlobo lwegrafu njengomdwebo we-ombrothermal. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "i-ombro" isho imvula nokushisa okushisayo. Kodwa-ke, emphakathini uwonke ubizwa nge-climogram. Ukuhlukahluka okubaluleke kakhulu ukuchaza isimo sezulu yimvula namazinga okushisa. Ngakho-ke, le midwebo ibaluleke kakhulu kwisimo sezulu.
Imininingwane ekhonjiswe kumdwebo iqoqwa esiteshini sezulu. Amanani amaphakathi amelelwa inyanga ngayinye ukwazi ukuthambekela nokuthi idatha ibalulekile. Ukurekhoda ukuthambekela nokuziphatha kwesimo sezulu, imininingwane kumele babhaliswe okungenani iminyaka eyi-15. Ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube idatha yesimo sezulu, kepha imininingwane yezulu.
Imvula iveza ingqikithi yemvula eqoqwe ezinyangeni ezihlukaniswe ngenani leminyaka. Ngale ndlela ungazi imvula emaphakathi yonyaka yendawo. Njengoba ingani njalo ngendlela efanayo noma ngezikhathi ezifanayo, isilinganiso senziwa. Kunemininingwane engasebenzi ukusungula okujwayelekile. Lokhu kungenxa yeminyaka eyomile kakhulu noma, kunalokho, lina kakhulu. Le minyaka engajwayelekile kufanele ifundwe ngokuhlukile.
Uma ukubonakala kweminyaka yemvula kakhulu neminye iminyaka eyomile kakhulu kuyinto ejwayelekile noma ejikelezayo, ifakiwe ngaphakathi kwesimo sezulu sendawo. Ukumelwa kwamazinga okushisa kuyehluka kancane maqondana nemvula. Uma kunejika elilodwa kuphela, amazinga okushisa aphakathi nenyanga ngayinye ayelashwa. Lokhu kungezwa futhi kwehlukaniswa ngenani leminyaka. Uma kunamajika amathathu, engenhla iyisilinganiso samazinga okushisa aphezulu, aphakathi nendawo asho inani bese kuthi aphansi asho okulingene.
Amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe
Amashadi amaningi wesimo sezulu asebenzisa inkomba yokuqina kweGaussen. Le nkomba ibheka ukuthi kunezinga elithile lokoma lapho isilinganiso samazinga okushisa singaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili kwesilinganiso semvula.
Ngale ndlela, i-climogram inesakhiwo:
Okokuqala, i-axcissa axis lapho izinyanga zonyaka zibekiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho ine-eksisi ehlukanisiwe ngakwesokudla lapho kubekwa khona isikali sokushisa. Ekugcineni, enye i-eksisi yokugcotshwa ngakwesobunxele, lapho kufakwa khona isikali semvula futhi esiphindwe kabili amazinga okushisa.
Ngale ndlela, kungabonakala ngqo uma kukhona umswakama lapho ijika lemvula lingaphansi kwamazinga okushisa. Amanani wesimo sezulu kufanele zibaluleke ukuze zazi inani lesilinganiso. Lokho wukuthi, kufanele unikeze eminye imininingwane efana nesiteshi sezulu, inani eliphelele lezimvula ezilinganisiwe kanye namazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka.
Ukuvela kwamashadi wesimo sezulu ekugcineni kungahluka ngokuya ngamanani. Okujwayelekile kakhulu yilowo omele imvula ngezinsimbi namazinga okushisa ngomugqa obomvu. Lokhu kulula kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Imayelana nokumelela zombili imvula namazinga okushisa anemigqa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu, ngokulandelana. Imininingwane efana nokufiphaza nokufaka imibala nayo iyangezwa. Inombala ophuzi ngezikhathi ezomile kakhulu. Imivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma emnyama ifakwa ezinkathini zemvula ezingaphansi kuka-1000mm. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhulu izinyanga lapho lina kakhulu kune-1000mm zinemibala.
Imininingwane engeziwe
Imininingwane eminingi ingangezwa kumashadi wesimo sezulu uma sifisa. Isibonelo, ukufaka imininingwane engaphezulu kungasisiza ukuba sazi izimo zezulu izitshalo okufanele zikhuthazelele kuzo. Lokhu kuba wusizo olukhulu lapho ufaka isandla kwezolimo.
I-climogram ephelele kunazo zonke ibizwa ngokuthi Umdwebo kaWalter-Lieth. Kubonakala ngokuba nakho kokubili amazinga okushisa nemvula emelwe ngomugqa. Futhi inebha ngaphansi kwezinyanga ekhombisa ukuthi isithwathwa senzeka kangaki.
Imininingwane eyengeziwe lo mdwebo ongenayo abanye yile:
- nT = inani leminyaka elibuka amazinga okushisa.
- nP = inani leminyaka elibheka imvula.
- Ukushisa okushisa okuphelele ngokuphelele.
- T '= kusho isilinganiso samazinga okushisa aphelele ngonyaka.
- I-Tc = kusho amazinga aphezulu okushisa nsuku zonke enyangeni efudumele kakhulu.
- T = kusho amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
- Osc = ukukhishwa kwe-thermal. (I-Osc = TC - tf)
- t = kusho amazinga okushisa aphansi.
- tf = kusho amazinga okushisa aphansi nsuku zonke enyangeni ebanda kakhulu.
- t '= kusho amazinga okushisa aphansi ngonyaka.
- ta = izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngokuphelele.
- tm = kusho ukushisa. (tm = T + t / 2 noma tm = T '+ t' / 2)
- P = kusho imvula yonyaka.
- h = kusho amahora wonyaka wokukhanya kwelanga.
- Hs = isithwathwa esiphephile.
- Hp = kungenzeka amaqhwa.
- d = izinsuku ezingenasithwathwa.
- Indawo emnyama isho ukuthi kunamanzi amaningi.
- Indawo enamachashazi isho ukuthi kunokusilela kwamanzi.
Kwigrafu ye-Thornthwaite izici zesimo sezulu zimelwe njengomsebenzi webhalansi yomphunga wamanzi.
Ukuphawula kweshadi lesimo sezulu
Lapho sibona ishadi lesimo sezulu lendawo, ukuphawula ngayo nokuyihumusha kulula. Into yokuqala okufanele siyibheke ijika lemvula. Yilapho sikhomba khona imvula isiyonke nokusatshalaliswa kwayo unyaka wonke nenyanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singathola ukuthi amazinga aphezulu nobuncane bekuphi.
Manje sesiphendukela ekubukeni ijika lokushisa. Nguyena ositshelayo izinga lokushisa elisho, ukushiswa okushisayo kwaminyaka yonke nokusatshalaliswa unyaka wonke. Singakwazi ukuhlaziya izinyanga ezishisa kakhulu nezibandayo bese siqhathanisa amazinga okushisa nalezo zeminye iminyaka. Ngokubheka ukuthambekela singazi isimo sezulu sendawo.
I-Mediterranean Climograph
Isimo sezulu sethu saseMedithera sinamanani emvula aphakathi nendawo kanye namazinga okushisa minyaka yonke. Lawa mavelu amelwe kugrafu yesimo sezulu ukuthola umbono wedatha unyaka nonyaka. Kubonakala kakhulu ngokuba namanani emvula aphansi ngokujwayelekile unyaka wonke. Ukwanda kwemvula kungabonakala ezinyangeni zasebusika nasentwasahlobo, ngama-maximum amabili ngoNovemba nangoMashi.
Ngokuqondene namazinga okushisa, mancane impela. Ebusika ungawisi ngaphansi kuka-10 ° C kanti ehlobo zingaba ngu-30 ° C.
Igrafu yesimo sezulu se-Equatorial
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sihlaziya isimo sezulu sendawo yezinkabazwe, sithola imininingwane ehlukile. Amanani emvula aphakeme unyaka wonke, njengoba kunjalo nezinga lokushisa. Ungabona imvula ephezulu engaphezu kuka-300mm futhi izinga lokushisa liyagcinwa uzinzile unyaka wonke cishe ngama-25 ° C.
Isimo sezulu esishisayo
Kulokhu, sithola isimo sezulu semvula eningi, ngamanani amakhulu afinyelelwa ngoJuni nangoJulayi. Lezi ziqongo zemvula zibangelwa imvula enesimo sezulu: imvula enkulu. Ngesikhathi semvula yasehlobo kuyenzeka kushiye amazinga emvula aphezulu.
Ngokuqondene nethempelesha, lihlala lizinzile unyaka wonke cishe ngama-25 ° C.
I-Continental Climograph
Singahlaziya icala elihlukile kunalelo langaphambilini. Kulolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu amazinga okushisa aphansi kunakuqala. Ebusika zingaphansi kuka-zero nasehlobo azifinyeleli kuma-30 ° C. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvula isembusweni ojwayelekile.
Igrafu yesimo sezulu sase-Oceanic
Lapha sithola amanani emvula aphansi impela kanye nezinga lokushisa eliguqukayo. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo ziyafudumala. Kodwa-ke, zehla kakhulu ezinyangeni zasebusika. Ngokuvamile kuyisimo sezulu esomile.
I-Polim climagram
Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu luhluke ngokuphelele kolunye. Kunamazinga ambalwa emvula futhi iningi lawo lisesimweni seqhwa neqhwa. Amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu unyaka wonke, kangangoba bahlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwama-zero degrees.
Kulesi simo sezulu, imvula inikeza ulwazi oluningi mayelana "nomlando" wendawo. Lapho iqhwa liwa, liyanqwabelana, lakhe izingqimba zeqhwa. Kuyo yonke iminyaka eyizinkulungwane yokuqongelela, ama-ice cores angatholakala asikhombisa umlando wendawo kuyo yonke le minyaka. Ukuqoqwa okukhulu kweqhwa kungenxa yokuthi amazinga okushisa awavumeli ukuncibilika kwawo.
Ungenza kanjani ishadi lesimo sezulu
Kule vidiyo ungafunda igxathu negxathu ukuthi ungazenzela kanjani ishadi lesimo sezulu lendawo yakho:
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalo lonke lolu lwazi ungazihlaziya kahle isimo sezulu sanoma iyiphi indawo emhlabeni. Kumele ume kuphela ukuqhathanisa amazinga emvula nokushisa ukuze wazi, ngendlela ejwayelekile, isimo sezulu sendawo. Lapho sesazazi lezi zimiso, singangena kwezinye ezifana nemimoya nengcindezi yasemkhathini.
Futhi wena, wake walibona ishadi lesimo sezulu?