Sonke sijwayele ukulandela ikhalenda yelanga kodwa ababaningi abaziyo ukuthi livelaphi nokuthi lisho ukuthini. Ngaphezu kokuba ikhalenda lapho singathola khona izinhlobo ezahlukene, kusobala ukuthi lihlukile ekhalendeni lenyanga. Inezici ezithile ezihlukile futhi kufanele zishiwo lapha.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi ikhalenda yelanga liyini, imvelaphi yayo kanye nazo zonke izici zayo eziyinhloko.
Liyini ikhalenda yelanga
Ikhalenda lelanga liyikhalenda elilawula ukuphila kwethu. Iwuhlelo lokuqomisana olususelwe onyakeni wesizini cishe wezinsuku ezingama-365 1/4, okuthi isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze umhlaba uzungeze ilanga.
AbaseGibhithe babonakala bengabokuqala ukwakha ikhalenda yelanga. Ukuvela kabusha kwenja-Sirius (Sothis) esibhakabhakeni esisempumalanga kwakuyindawo engashintshi unyaka ngamunye, eqondana nezikhukhula zaminyaka yonke zeNayile.Bakha ikhalenda izinsuku ezingu-365. Ihlanganisa izinyanga ezingu-12, izinsuku ezingu-30 ngenyanga, nezinsuku ezingu-5 zengezwe ekupheleni konyaka, okwenza ikhalenda lakhe lihambe kabi kancane kancane.
U-Ptolemy III Euergetes waseGibhithe wengeza usuku ekhalendeni eliyisisekelo lezinsuku ezingu-365 njalo eminyakeni emine kumthetho weCanopus (237 BC) (lo mkhuba wabuye wethulwa ekhalendeni likaSeleucid elamukelwa ngo-312 BC).
ERiphabhulikhi yaseRoma, uMbusi uKhesari ngo-45 BC. Kufakwe ikhalenda likaJulius, okungenzeka ukuthi lisekelwe ekhalendeni lenyanga yesiGreki. Ikhalenda likaJulius linikeza izinsuku ezingu-30 noma izinsuku ezingu-31 kuya ezinyangeni ezingu-11 kuya kuFebruwari; unyaka we-leap uvunyelwe njalo eminyakeni emine. Nokho, kamuva, ikhalenda likaJulius lenza unyaka welanga ube mude kakhulu ngokwenezela ingxenye yesine yosuku onyakeni; unyaka welanga empeleni yizinsuku ezingama-365.2422.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-10, isikhathi esengeziwe sase sibangele iphutha lezinsuku ezingaba yi-1582. Ukuze alungise leli phutha, uPapa Gregory XIII wenza ikhalenda likaGregory ngo-5, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 14 kuya ku-400 walowo nyaka, futhi washiya iminyaka ye-leap ngoba ineminyaka eyikhulu engakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngu-1700, isibonelo, 1800, 1900 kanye no-XNUMX. Kuzo zonke izincazelo, siyabona ukuthi kuye kwavela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhalenda elanga, futhi zimakwe ngendawo. Ikhalenda lethu lamanje likaGregory yikhalenda likaGregory, kodwa ngeke libe buhlungu uma sazi ukuthi ayini amanye amakhalenda kaGregory.
Izinhlobo zekhalenda lelanga
Amakhalenda elanga ashisayo
Ikhalenda lelanga elishisayo ikhalenda elibuswa iminyaka eshisayo, futhi ubude balo cishe yizinsuku ezingama-365, amahora ama-5, imizuzu engama-48 nemizuzwana engama-45 (izinsuku ezingama-365,24219). Unyaka oshisayo ungaba kusukela entwasahlobo noma ekwindla i-equinox kuya komunye, noma kusukela ehlobo noma ebusika ukuya kwelandelayo.
Nakuba ikhalenda lanamuhla likaGregory linezinsuku ezingu-365 onyakeni ovamile, sengeza usuku lwe-leap cishe njalo eminyakeni emine ukuze lihambisane nonyaka wezindawo ezishisayo. Ngaphandle kwenombolo efanele yeminyaka egxumayo, ikhalenda lethu lizophuma ngokushesha ekuvumelaneni. Lokhu kwenzeka ekhalendeni likaJulius ngeminyaka ye-leap eminingi kakhulu. Ekugcineni, yathathelwa indawo ikhalenda likaGregory.
Okulandelayo amakhalenda elanga ashisayo:
- Ikhalenda likaGregory
- Ikhalenda likaJulian
- Ikhalenda lesi-Baha'i
- Ikhalenda lamaHindu
- Ikhalenda yesiCoptic
- Ikhalenda lase-Iranian (Ikhalenda le-Jal_li)
- Ikhalenda lesiTamil
- Ikhalenda lelanga laseThailand
Ikhalenda ngalinye kulawa linonyaka wezinsuku ezingama-365 futhi kwesinye isikhathi liyanwetshwa ngokwengeza usuku olwengeziwe ukuze kwakhe unyaka oleap. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlanganisa", lapho izinsuku ezifakiwe "zinyakaziswa". Futhi, kukhona ikhalenda Zoroastrian, okuyinto iyikhalenda lezenkolo labazinikele eZoroaster futhi liwukulinganiselwa kwekhalenda lelanga elishisayo.
Sidereal amakhalenda elanga
Ikhalenda laseBengali liyisibonelo esihle kunazo zonke sekhalenda lezinkanyezi zelanga. Lokhu kuvamise ukuba yizinsuku ezingama-365, kanye nosuku olulodwa ukwenza unyaka we-leap. Izinyanga ezingu-12 zelanga zikhonjwa njengenye yezinkathi eziyisithupha (izinyanga ezimbili enkathini ngayinye). Inyanga ngayinye imelela umlaza othile.
Lolu hlobo lwamakhalenda Zisetshenziselwa ukubhula futhi zinezincazelo ezibalulekile ezinkolweni ezahlukene. Leli khalenda lingasebenzisa nenyanga yenyanga. Ngakho-ke, ikhalenda laseBengali libizwa nangokuthi ikhalenda lenyanga-solar.
Okulandelayo amakhalenda elanga e-sidereal:
- Ikhalenda lesi-Bengali
- Ikhalenda ye-Sanskrit
- Ikhalenda lesi-Malaysian
Umehluko ekhalendeni lenyanga
Sibonile ukuthi ikhalenda lelanga lisekelwe kanjani ekuhambeni kwelanga futhi lijwayeleke kakhulu kubantu. Kodwa akulona ikhalenda kuphela, nakuba kufanele futhi sikhulume ngekhalenda lenyanga, okuyinto ibuswa izigaba ezahlukene zenyanga. Ngale ndlela, ikhalenda lelanga lihluke kakhulu ekhalendeni lenyanga, esebenzisa inyanga ukubala izinyanga. Nakuba amakhalenda amabili esebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa izinyanga, angasisiza ukulandelela ngokunembile isikhathi nokuphatha izimpilo zethu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwekhalenda lenyanga kanye nekhalenda lelanga yizindikimba zasezulwini ezisetshenziselwa ukukala ukuhamba kwesikhathi. Ikhalenda lenyanga isebenzisa isigaba senyanga ukukala isikhathi. Ngokuvamile, inyanga isikhathi esiphakathi kwenyanga entsha nokuthwasa kwenyanga. Isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze umhlaba uzungeze ilanga unyaka owodwa welanga.
Ikhalenda yelanga ngokuvamile ikala isikhathi phakathi kwama-vernal equinoxes. Ngenxa yokuthi inyanga ithatha isikhathi esifanayo ukuzungeza umhlaba, inyanga ihlale ibonisa ubuso obufanayo emhlabeni. Yingakho okunye okweqisayo kwawo kungakaze kubonakale. Ukuthwasa kwezinyanga kuvela njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-29,5. Izazi zezinkanyezi zibiza isikhathi esiphakathi kwezinyanga ezintsha ngokuthi yi-synodic moon.
Wonke amakhalenda enyanga abantu abawadalayo asekelwe ezinyangeni ze-synodic, hhayi izinyanga esingazithola ekhalendeni lelanga. Eqinisweni, ikhalenda yelanga iye yasungulwa njengenyanga esivame ukuyisebenzisa njalo, ngokungafani nekhalenda yenyanga, okuyinto Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni nasezifundweni ze-esoteric.
Njengoba ubona, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwekhalenda lenyanga nelanga. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngekhalenda lelanga, izici zalo kanye nemvelaphi yalo.