Ikhalenda lingenye yezivivinyo zomqondo wesikhathi senhlalo. Ngokuyihlaziya, singathola ulwazi mayelana nezinye izici zomphakathi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkolelo ezithandwayo nezinkolelo zobuKristu, isakhiwo senhlalo, imiqondo yempilo yomuntu, njll. Ziye zabonakala ekhalendeni lobuciko noma lezemibhalo elikhombisa lezi zici, kanye nezisho zomlomo esizibiza ngezaga. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho ikhalenda lasendulo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngomlando, ukubaluleka nokuthi ungabona kanjani ikhalenda lasendulo.
Umlando wekhalenda lasendulo
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amakhalenda asetshenziswa emibhalweni yangenkathi ephakathi emazweni obuKrestu eNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia ayehlukile kulawo amakhalenda esiwasebenzisayo namuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhalenda limakwe kakhulu yinkathi yaseSpain, yize sizobona ezinye izinhlobo kungekudala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usuku nosuku lwenyanga lulandela ikhalenda lamaRoma kanti nesikhathi sosuku silandela isikhathi esijwayelekile esisetshenziswe esigodlweni sezindela.
Le ndlela yokuqomisana kubonakala sengathi ibisetshenziswa eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, futhi yaphakanyiswa kakhulu kumaVisigoth kanye neNkathi Ephakathi Ephakathi. Ngenjwayelo kunenkolelo yokuthi imvelaphi yayo ibhekisa kwabaseHispanic ababehlaliswa ngamaRoma. Ngokwalo mbono, kwenzeka ngonyaka wama-38 BC, okungukuthi, ngo-716 lapho kwakhiwa khona idolobha laseRoma, yize sazi ukuthi kwakungenjalo. Kwenzeka ngempela kwaze kwaphela izimpi zaseCantabrian ngo-19 BC.
Ngakho-ke, uma sinombhalo wedethi ngokwesikhathi sabaseSpanishi, kufanele sisuse iminyaka engama-38 futhi sizothola unyaka ohambelana nekhalenda lamanje. Isibonelo, uma idokhumenti inedethi ku- inkathi 1045, bese ubala unyaka ngokwekhalenda lethu: 1045 - 38 = 1007, okungukuthi, ihambelana nonyaka ka-1007 wekhalenda lethu.
WayengumKristu
Ngonyaka ka-532, indela uDionysius the Meager yabala usuku uJesu Kristu ayeyozalwa ngalo: Disemba 25, 752 ngemuva kokusungulwa kweRoma. Ngenxa yalomcimbi ongavamile, kwasungulwa ukuthi ngemuva kukaDisemba 31, 752, kusukela ekusungulweni kweRoma, kwalandelwa ngoJanuwari 1, unyaka 1 wenkathi yobuKristu. Kuze kube namuhla isibalo esiqondile uDionysus asisebenzisile ukufinyelela kulesi siphetho sekhalenda asaziwa. Ekugcineni kugcine kungalungile phakathi komehluko weminyaka emi-4-7. Kodwa-ke, selokhu yachazwa kabanzi, isebenze ukubala iminyaka yethu.
Futhi kufanele ngikhumbule ukuthi unyaka 0 wawungacatshangwa. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho beqala ukusebenzisa isifinyezo AD esasisho anno domini noma unyaka weNkosi. Kunezindlela eziningana zokusebenzisa ukuphola kwenkathi yobuKristu ngokuya ngosuku olukhethelwe unyaka ozoqala ngalo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona:
- Unyaka wokusoka: unyaka uqala ngoJanuwari 1 futhi uyindlela esiyisebenzisayo njengamanje. Iphinde yasetshenziselwa ukuqala unyaka wobukhosi baseRoma. Luhlobo lonyaka olusetshenziswa ngamakhosi aseMerovingian ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Waba njalo-ke umphumela wokuthi wawusakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ukufika eSpain nesimo sayo esisemthethweni kwaqala ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
- Unyaka Wokuzalwa Komuntu: lapha unyaka uqala ngoMashi 25, lapho iNcasakazi uMariya yakhulelwa uJesu, okungukuthi, izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
Unyaka wokuzalwa komzimba ungabhalwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinokubalwa kwe-Pisan okusetshenziswa ePisa naseSiena phakathi kwamanye amadolobha ase-Italy Tuscany. Ukuze ukwazi ukudlulela kwelinye ikhalenda, kuzokwanela ukukhipha unyaka owodwa kusukela osukwini uma kuphakathi kuka-Mashi 25 kuya kuDisemba 31 futhi kuhlala kunjalo njengoba nje kusesinye isikhawu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi esinakho ukubala kukaFlorentine. Unyaka uqala lapha ngoMashi 25, kepha ngemuva kokuthi iNcasakazi uMariya ikhulelwe uJesu Kristu. Lapho-ke usuku lweFlorentine luphakathi kukaJanuwari 1 noMashi 24, kufanele kungezwe unyaka ukuze uludlulisele ekubalweni kwethu. Uma usuku lweFlorentine luphakathi kukaMashi 25 noDisemba 31 luhlala lukhona. Yayisetshenziswa eMqhele wase-Aragon kuze kubuse uPedro IV.
Ikhalenda leNkathi Ephakathi: eminye iminyaka
Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zeminyaka ngaphakathi kwekhalenda lasendulo. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
- Unyaka wokuzalwa kukaJesu: unyaka uqala ngosuku lokuzalwa kukaKristu okwakunguDisemba 25. Yayisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zase-Italy nakwamanye amazwe wekhulu le-1350. Wamiswa njengesikhulu e-Aragon ngo-25. Kulokhu, uma usuku lwaluphakathi kukaDisemba 31 noDisemba XNUMX, unyaka owodwa kwakuzodingeka ususwe kusukela kulolo suku. Ezinye izinsuku ziyafana.
- Unyaka wokuvuka: wuhlobo lokugcina lonyaka olukhona ngaphakathi kwekhalenda lasendulo. Kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke ukudlulisela kukhalenda lethu ngoba iSonto lePhasika alinalo usuku oluhleliwe. Kuya ngekhalenda lenyanga nokuthi kusethwe nini ukugubha iSonto Elingcwele.
Izinyanga zonyaka
Kusuka kwikhalenda yangenkathi ephakathi kwakhishwa izinyanga zonyaka ezitholakala emibhalweni yangeNkathi Ephakathi ephezulu. Uma kukhalenda lamaRoma ngemuva kwezinguquko zikaJulian ezihlukanisa unyaka zibe izinyanga eziyi-12, njengoba sazi namuhla. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinyanga zekhalenda lasendulo:
- NgoJanuwari: igama layo livela emnyango wegama futhi lihlobene noNkulunkulu Janus. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yinyanga ehola unyaka.
- NgoFebhuwari: zivela egameni februa elisho imikhosi yokuhlanzwa. Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi ekhalendeni likaJulian yonke iminyaka ehlukaniswa ngo-4 ibixhuma, kanti kweyethu kuba njalo eminyakeni emi-4.
- Mashi: Kuyinyanga ebekelwe uNkulunkulu Wempi.
- Ephreli: igama lomvelaphi alinasiqiniseko.
- Meyi: leli gama lingavela kunkulunkulukazi waseRoma uMaia omkhosi wakhe amaRoma wawugubha ngaleyo nyanga.
- NgoJuni: igama lenyanga livela kumsunguli weRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma.
- UJulio: igama lokuhlonipha uJulius Caesar ukuthi akekho umuntu one-asidi kule nyanga.
- Agasti: I-3030 30 ibibizwa ngenkuthalo njengo-Sextilis, kepha kusukela ngo-8 BC iphunga lika-Emperor Augustus labizwa nge-augustus.
- Septhemba: Ibizwa kanjena ngoba yinyanga yesikhombisa kusukela ngoMashi
- Okthoba: Phambilini bekuyinyanga yesishiyagalombili kusukela ngoMashi.
- Novemba: Phambilini bekuyinyanga yesishiyagalolunye kusukela ngoMashi
- Disemba: Kwakuyinyanga yeshumi kusukela ngoMashi
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngekhalenda lasendulo kanye nomlando walo.