Kule planethi kunezindawo lapho ingozi igcwele kakhulu kunezinye, ngakho-ke, lezi zindawo zithola amagama ahlabayo ongacabanga ukuthi abhekise entweni eyingozi kakhulu. Kulokhu sizokhuluma ngakho Indandatho yomlilo yasePacific. Abanye bayazi njengendandatho yomlilo yasePacific kanti abanye bayibhanti le-circum-Pacific. Lawa magama onke abhekisa endaweni ezungeze lolu lwandle nalapho kukhona khona kokubili umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba ophakeme kakhulu nentaba-mlilo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini indandatho yomlilo yasePacific, inezici ezinjani nokubaluleka kwayo ezifundweni nasolwazini lomhlaba.
Liyini iPacific Belt of Fire
Kule ndawo enesimo sehhashi hhayi indingilizi, kubhaliswa inani elikhulu lomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba nowentaba-mlilo. Lokhu kwenza le ndawo ibe yingozi kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlekelele ezingadalwa. Leli bhande Inwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-40.000 ukusuka eNew Zealand kuya kulo lonke ugu olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Ibuye iwele lonke ugu lwasempumalanga ye-Asia ne-Alaska futhi idlule enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi.
Njengoba kushiwo ku Amapuleti eTectonic, leli bhande limaka imiphetho ekhona ku-Pacific plate kanye namanye amapuleti amancane we-tectonic akha lokho okubizwa nge- Ukuqhuma komhlaba. Njengoba iyindawo enomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba nowentaba-mlilo, ibhekwa njengeyingozi.
Lakhiwa kanjani?
Indandatho yomlilo yasePacific yakhiwa ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Amapuleti awalungiswa, kepha ahamba ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kungenxa yemisinga ye-convection ekhona engubeni yoMhlaba. Umehluko kokuminyana kwezinto kubangela ukuba bahambe futhi baholele ekuhambeni kwamapuleti etektoni. Ngakho-ke, ukufuduka kwamasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka kutholakala. Asiyiqapheli ngokwesilinganiso somuntu, kepha kuyakhombisa ukuthi sihlola i- isikhathi sokuma komhlaba.
Phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka, ukuhamba kwala mapuleti kuye kwabangela ukwakheka kwendandatho yomlilo yasePacific. Amapuleti ama-tectonic awahlanganisiwe ngokuphelele komunye nomunye, kepha kukhona igebe phakathi kwawo. Imvamisa ziba cishe ngama-80 km obukhulu futhi zihambe ngemisinga ye-convection eshiwo ngenhla engubeni.
Njengoba lezi zingcwecwe zihamba, zivame ukwehluka zombili futhi zishayisane. Ngokuya ngobuningi bazo, enye ingacwila nakwezinye. Isibonelo, amapuleti asolwandle anesisindo esiphakeme kunesezwekazi. Ngakho-ke, yibo lapho, lapho womabili amapuleti eshayisana, behlisela ngaphansi kwelinye. Lokhu kunyakaza nokungqubuzana kwamapuleti kukhiqiza umsebenzi omkhulu wokuma komhlaba emaphethelweni amapuleti. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindawo zithathwa njengezisebenza ngokukhethekile.
Imingcele yamapuleti siyithola:
- Imikhawulo yokuguqula. Kule mikhawulo kulapho amapuleti ama-tectonic eshayisana khona. Lokhu kungadala ukuthi ipuleti elisindayo lishayisane nelilula. Ngale ndlela, okwaziwa ngokuthi indawo engaphansi kwe-subduction kudaliwe. Ipuleti elilodwa liwela kwelinye. Kulezi zindawo lapho lokhu kwenzeka khona, kunenqwaba enkulu yentaba-mlilo ngoba lokhu kuncipha kubangela ukuthi i-magma ikhuphuke ngoqweqwe. Ngokusobala, lokhu akwenzeki ngomzuzwana. Kuyinqubo ethatha izigidigidi zeminyaka. Yile ndlela okwakhiwe ngayo imengamo yentaba-mlilo.
- Imikhawulo ehlukanisayo. Ziphikisana ngokuphelele nezinguquko. Kulezi zingcwecwe zisesimweni sokuhlukana. Unyaka ngamunye bahlukanisa okuthe xaxa, kwakha indawo entsha yolwandle.
- Imikhawulo yenguquko. Kule mikhawulo amapuleti awahlukani noma ajoyine, ashelela kuphela ngendlela efanayo noma enezingqimba.
- Izindawo ezishisayo. Yizifunda lapho ingubo yasemhlabeni etholakala ngaphansi kwepuleti inokushisa okuthe xaxa kunezinye izindawo. Kulezi zimo, i-magma eshisayo iyakwazi ukukhuphukela phezulu futhi ikhiqize izintaba-mlilo ezisebenza kakhulu.
Imingcele yamapuleti ibhekwa njengezo zindawo lapho kugxilwe khona umsebenzi womhlaba kanye nowentabamlilo. Ngalesi sizathu, kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi izintaba-mlilo eziningi nokuzamazama komhlaba kugxilwe eringini lomlilo lasePacific. Inkinga kuba lapho kuzamazama komhlaba olwandle futhi kuholele kwi-tsunami ene-tsunami ehambisanayo. Kulezi zimo, ingozi inyuka ize ifike ezingeni lokuthi ingadala izinhlekelele ezifana naleyo eyenzeka eFukushima ngo-2011.
Umsebenzi wePacific Belt of Fire
Njengoba kungenzeka uqaphele, izintaba-mlilo azisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke iplanethi. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Ziyingxenye yendawo lapho umsebenzi we-geological mkhulu khona. Uma lo msebenzi ubungekho, izintaba-mlilo bezingeke zibe khona. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kubangelwa ukuqongelela nokukhululwa kwamandla phakathi kwamapuleti. Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kuvame kakhulu emazweni lapho sitholakale khona eduze kwePacific Ring of Fire.
Futhi ngabe lelo yindandatho yomlilo igxilisa ama-75% azo zonke izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-90% nakho kuyenzeka. Kuneziqhingi eziningi neziqhingi ezihlangene ndawonye nezintaba-mlilo ezahlukahlukene ezinokuqhuma kobudlova nokuqhuma. Amakhothamo entaba-mlilo nawo ajwayelekile. Bangamaketanga ezintaba-mlilo alele phezu kwamapuleti okuqothula.
Leli qiniso lenza abantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele babe nokuthakazelisa nokwesaba leli bhande lomlilo. Lokhu kungenxa ye- amandla abenza ngawo makhulu futhi angaveza izinhlekelele zemvelo zangempela.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, imvelo yinto engapheli ukusimangaza futhi kunemicimbi eminingi ye-volcanic ne-geological eringini lomlilo lasePacific.