Ngo-May 8, 1654, edolobheni laseJalimane iMagdeburg, uMbusi uFerdinand III nethimba lakhe babonisa ukuhlola okumangalisayo okwaklanywa futhi kwenziwa umphathi-dolobha, usosayensi waseJalimane u-von Glick. Imidwebo eminingana kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ibonisa lesi senzakalo. Imayelana ne iMagdeburg hemispheres. Ukuhlolwa kwakuhlanganisa ukuzama ukuhlukanisa ama-hemispheres amabili ensimbi cishe amasentimitha angu-50 ububanzi, ahlanganiswe ngokuthintana okulula, ukuze kwakheke indilinga evaliwe, futhi ngenhlanhla, ampompe umoya ngaphandle kwendilinga ngepompo ye-vacuum azisungulele yona. Ukuze kube lula ukuvala i-hemisphere yensimbi noma i-hemispheres, indandatho yesikhumba ifakwa phakathi kwezindawo zokuxhumana. I-hemisphere ngayinye inezihibe eziningana okungadluliswa kuzo intambo noma iketango ukuze lidonseleke emaceleni ahlukene.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-Magdeburg hemispheres nokubaluleka kwayo.
I-Magdeburg Hemispheres
Kuyidivayisi eklanyelwe ukukhombisa ubukhona be-vacuum nomfutho womkhathi. Iqukethe ama-hemispheres amabili angenalutho, futhi uma exhunywe komunye nomunye futhi kudonswa umoya ongaphakathi, kuzokwenziwa isikhala sangaphakathi. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, umkhathi usebenzisa ingcindezi endaweni engaphandle, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa udoti. Eqinisweni, lezi kwakufanele zibe namandla kakhulu, ngoba lapho ingaphakathi selikhishiwe, lalizokwazi ukuliqhumisa ngomfutho womoya.
Lawa ma-hemispheres, aqanjwe ngegama ledolobha laseJalimane iMagdeburg, zasetshenziswa ukwenza ucwaningo oluyinqaba ngo-1654. U-Otto von Guericke, imeya yedolobha kanye nesazi sesayensi yemvelo, phambi koMkhethi uFrederick William waseBrandenburg kanye namalungu ePhalamende laseRegensburg, uzijwayeze ukucofa ama-hemispheres amabili ensimbi.
Isivivinyo
Emzamweni wokubahlukanisa, ibophele inkabazwe eyodwa eqenjini lamahhashi kanti enye enani elilinganayo lamahhashi, kodwa ngezindlela eziphambene. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingi futhi okwamangaza ababekhona, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili zenkundla. Umphumela uyafana nalokho esikutholayo lapho sibeka ama-drain plunger amabili phansi futhi siwacindezela ngokumelene nomunye. I-vacuum ayiphelele, kodwa kuthatha amandla amaningi ukuwahlukanisa.
Izibukeli zamangala lapho zibona amaqembu ahlukene amadoda edonsela eceleni ngamandla awo wonke futhi ehluleka ukuhlukanisa i-hemispheres. Futhi abakwazanga ukuhlukaniswa ekuqaleni ngamahhashi angu-16, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amahhashi angu-8 ngalinye. Ngemva kokusebenza kanzima, bawufeza umgomo wabo futhi babangela isiphithiphithi. I-hemispheres eyakha ama-sphere, okwakudinga umzamo omkhulu ukuze ivuleke, yayingase ihlukaniswe kalula ngokuvumela umoya ukuthi uphinde ungene ngaphakathi kwendilinga.
Ocwaningweni lwango-2005 ngamahhashi ayi-16 eGranada, ama-hemispheres awakwazanga ukuhlukaniswa. Khumbula ukuthi i-vacuum etholwe amaphampu e-Von Guericke ekhulwini le-XNUMX yayiphansi kunaleyo etholwe amaphampu ethu esimanje.
Kungani kunzima ukuhlukanisa i-hemispheres yaseMagdeburg
Ingxenye yokuqala yombuzo, kuleli phuzu, ilula kunoma yimuphi umfundi wasesikoleni esiphakeme onokuqonda okuhle kwe-physics ukuphendula. Yonke into esebusweni bomhlaba isolwandle lomoya osindayo, ngaphansi kwamandla ajwayelekile ebusweni bayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngendlela efanayo, zitholwa yi-hemisphere, ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngaphakathi. Uma uma ama-hemispheres evalekile ukuze akhe imbulunga, cishe wonke umoya ongaphakathi uyasuswa futhi amandla angaphandle awucindezele kakhulu kunomoya osebenza ngaphandle, okwenza kube nzima ngawo ukuhlukana.
Amandla anetha akhama ama-hemispheres amabili, asakazwa kuyo yonke indawo eyakhiwe, okungukuthi, sicabanga ukuthi i-vacuum efinyelelwe ngaphakathi cishe i-10% yomoya wangaphandle, kumele inqobe amandla ahlukanisayo, iwuhlelo lwamathani ayisikhombisa esisindo.
Ingxenye yesibili yombuzo, kungani izakhamuzi zaseMagdeburg zihlabeke umxhwele kangaka? Kuhlobene nolwazi lwamanzi nokuziphatha kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Sisekhulwini le-XNUMX, futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi wesayensi yayikholelwa ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukudala i-vacuum, "i-vacuum terror", okwakuyimbangela yokunyakaza kwamanzi, ukuvimbela ukuthi kungenzeki.
Ngakho-ke, ngokudonsa uketshezi oluvela engilazini ngotshani, ngaleyo ndlela kukhishwe omunye womoya owuqukethe, ukwesaba imvelo ekuzwayo lapho ingenalutho kubangela ukuthi uketshezi lukhuphuke. Esikhathini esiyingqopha-mlando sokwenza ukuhlola, ososayensi abafana noTorricelli bawushiya lo mbono futhi babonisa ukuthi ukucindezela okwenziwa umkhathi, isisindo somoya, hhayi ukwesabeka kwe-vacuum.
Incazelo yokuhlolwa
Ukuze siqonde lokho uMbusi uFerdinand III akubona, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi ukuphila kwethu kwenzeka olwandlekazini lomoya, futhi lokhu, njenganoma yiluphi uketshezi, kunesisindo, ngakho umthamo othile womoya unesisindo esikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla kuwo. yena. Kodwa la mabutho asebenza ngaphezu kwenqwaba yezitini ezibekwe emakhanda ethu. Izinto seziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba yonke into ecwiliswe kulolu lwandle lomoya ingaphansi kwesethi yamandla avame ukuyicindezela, esebenza kuyo yonke indawo ebusweni bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mandla ahlala esetshenziselwa i-perpendicular surface okukhulunywa ngayo.
Ngokunjalo, uma umoya uvalelwe esitsheni, izindonga zaleso sitsha zizothola amandla ajwayelekile endaweni yawo kuzo zonke izindawo, okuwenza akhule. Ukuze siqonde lesi simo ngokuningiliziwe, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi umoya wakhiwe inani elikhulu lama-molecule, ongazicabanga njengama-microscopic spheres ezihamba ngokungahleliwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ukuphahlazeka nokugxuma yonke into esendleleni yayo. Ngayinye yalokhu kushayisana okuncane ikhiqiza amandla amancane okuthi, ahlanganiswe namahithi amaningi ayenzeka ngokungami njalo ngomzuzwana, akwazi ukudala amandla amancane impela. Umthelela ophelele walo mthelela we-molecular oqhubekayo isethi yamandla wamaphuzu ahlala e-perpendicular kumthelela ongaphezulu.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Magdeburg hemispheres nezici zabo.