Kusukela ngo-2022, i-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ixwayise ngokuthi amathuba okuba kube ne-tsunami ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa ukuphakama oLwandle iMedithera eminyakeni engu-30 ezayo asondele ku-100%. Nokho, lokho abantu abazibuza ukuthi ingabe kungaba ngempela a tsunami eSpain. Ukuze kube ne-tsunami kufanele kube nendawo enkulu yolwandle eyanele ukukhiqiza igagasi elikhulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi kungaba khona kanjani i-tsunami eSpain nokuthi kwenzekeni ngokomlando.
I-tsunami eSpain
Phakathi neminyaka engu-2500 XNUMX edlule, amazwe aseMedithera aye abhekana nama-tsunami amaningi ayizinhlekelele. Okudume kakhulu kwenzeka ngo-365, 1303, no-1908. Ezokuqala ezimbili zabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Greek arc, kanti okwesithathu kwenzeka eStrait of Messina. Muva nje, ama-tsunami abhubhisa kakhulu esifundeni saseMedithera ashaya uLwandle i-Aegean ngo-1956, namagagasi afinyelela kumamitha angu-25, kanye nenyakatho ye-Algeria ngo-2003, ne-tsunami efinyelela kumamitha angu-2 eyahlasela iziQhingi zaseBalearic.
Umlando wedatha yomlando uyasiqinisekisa ukuthi, ngempela, ingozi ye-tsunami engathinta uLwandle LwaseMedithera ingokoqobo.
Esifundeni saseMedithera yaseSpain, amandla amakhulu okuba ne-tsunami iphutha le-Averroes Sea oLwandle i-Alberrán. Imininingwane ivela ocwaningweni lwakamuva olwenziwe yi-China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, eshicilelwe kumagazini Imibiko Yesayensi, ethi akuwona nje amaphutha ajwayelekile futhi ahlehlayo angadala ama-tsunami, kodwa futhi kulokhu gxuma amaphutha. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kudale amagagasi afinyelela ku-6 metres ukuphakama e-Averroes Marine Fault, okuthathe phakathi kwemizuzu engama-21 nengama-35 ukufika ogwini.
Nokho, ugu lwaseSpain oluvame ukuba nama-tsunami kuzoba uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-Tsumaps, ku Eminyakeni engu-50 ezayo kunamathuba angu-10% okuthi i-tsunami eyimitha engu-1 ukuphakama izohlasela ugu lwaseHuelva noma lwaseCádiz., kanye no-3% uma sikhuluma ngamagagasi angamamitha angu-3. Futhi yizehlakalo zika-1755 esizichaze ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko okungenzeka ziphindwe, yingakho amanye amadolobha aseningizimu yeSpain esevele enezinhlelo zokuvimbela ubungozi kanye nezinhlelo zokwenza uma kwenzeka i-tsunami.
Umlando othile
NgoNovemba 1, 1755 kwakuwusuku olunzima kakhulu eLisbon. Lesi sigameko sakhiwe kude nogu lwasePortugal, namanje ososayensi abangaziwa, ukuzamazama komhlaba okubizwa ngokuthi i-Lisbon kwenzeka e-Atlantic Ocean, izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba. linganisela ukuthi ubukhulu bayo bungaba phakathi kuka-8,7 no-9, kanye nobukhulu bokuzamazama komhlaba ingu-0 ubukhulu besikhathi. Ukucekelwa phansi okudalwe yile nhlekelele kwaziwa kahle: kubonakale ngokuthatha kwayo isikhathi eside kanye nezinga eliphezulu lodlame, kanti abantu abalinganiselwa ku-60.000 kuya ku-100.000 bafa kule nhlekelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakungesona isenzakalo esingavamile kodwa kwalandelwa umlilo futhi, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi kuba njalo lapho ukuzamazama okukhulu komhlaba kwenzeka olwandle, i-tsunami yayiqhathaniswa ngobukhulu nokuzamazama komhlaba okwagadla kuyo. Inhloko-dolobha yasePortugal yacishe yaba umlotha.
Ngokuqondene ne-tsunami, kukholakala ukuthi amagagasi afinyelele amamitha angu-5 ubude eLisbon, futhi okungenani abantu abangu-15.000 babulawa yi-tsunami phakathi kwezinhlekelele ezilotshwe kule nhlekelele. Ugu olushayeke kakhulu kwakungamaPutukezi.
Nokho, ithonya layo laphinde lazwakala ogwini lwase-Atlantic eSpain naseMorocco. E-Andalusia, amagagasi azamazamisa lonke ugu lwase-Atlantic, kusukela e-Ayamonte kuya eTarifa. E-Huelva, umonakalo wawusakazekile, nge- isibalo sokufa esilinganiselwa ku-1.000 400 kwamanye amadolobha athinteke kakhulus, njenge-Ayamonte ne-Lepe, ngokulandelana, ngaphezu kokubhujiswa kwengxenye enkulu yemikhumbi yokudoba. Lonke ugu lwaseCádiz, wonke amadolobha ahlaselwe yi-tsunami. E-Cádiz, kwaqoshwa amagagasi afinyelela kumamitha angu-18, ecekela phansi ingxenye yodonga lwedolobha, ngaphezu kokudala izikhukhula nomonakalo osuka ePuerto de Santa María uya eTarifa.
Isithombe sochungechunge lwamagagasi eshaya usebe cishe ngokuzumayo siyethusa. Ezinye izibonelo zakamuva, njenge-tsunami yango-2004 eyabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ogwini lwaseSumatra, eyabulala abantu abacishe babe ingxenye yesine yesigidi, iyakuqinisekisa lokhu. Nakuba izehlakalo ezifana nese-Lisbon ziye zaphindwa kancane kancane kuwo wonke umlando, sivame ukuhlobanisa ama-tsunami nezimo ezivame kakhulu kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, njengoLwandlekazi i-Pacific, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kuvame khona. Lezi zenzakalo zingabangelwa.
Izindawo ezisengozini ye-tsunami eSpain
Abacwaningi bachaza ukuthi idokhumenti ilungiselelwe ezingeni lesifundazwe lapho izindawo ezisengozini kakhulu ye-tsunami zihlonzwe, okungukuthi, zonke izigungu zaseSpain, ngaphandle kwe-Asturias neCantabria, lapho umthelela uncane. “Mancane amathuba okuthi kwenzeke kulezi zindawo ngoba awekho amaphutha. Lezi zitholakala eGulf of Cádiz, enyakatho ye-Algeria, enyakatho ye-Afrika nakwezinye izindawo. Ngakho-ke, Izifundo kumele zenziwe emazingeni omphakathi nawomasipala.
ISpain njengamanje inoHlelo Lokuvikela Izakhamizi ezingozini ze-tsunami, uHulumeni azolulungiselela futhi alugunyaze ngoMeyi 2021. Njengoba kuchazwe embhalweni oshicilelwe ku-Official State Gazette (BOE), "isistimu yokuxwayisa nge-tsunami" ukwazisa ukuvikelwa komphakathi. iziphathimandla kanye nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zomphakathi zokuphuthuma kosongo okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, kanye nezakhamizi ezingase zithinteke", Nakuba ichaze kuphela "izinkombandlela zokuhlela eziyisisekelo zokuvikela izakhamuzi ezingozini ze-tsunami".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-National Geographic Institute of Spain (IGN) nayo inohlelo lokuxwayisa nge-tsunami olusebenzayo futhi luthumela imiyalezo yokuxwayisa nge-tsunami kubantu uma kwenzeka kuba sengozini. Kodwa amadolobha okungenzeka ahlaselwe yi-tsunami kufanele abe nezinhlelo zokwenza.
I-Bay of Cádiz njengendawo esengozini enkulu
I-Bay of Cádiz iyindawo enobungozi obukhulu ngenxa ukusondela kwayo emigqeni ehlukahlukene yephutha lokuzamazama komhlaba ehlukanisa ipuleti lase-Eurasia necwecwe lase-Afrika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqokomisa ukuthi iSpain yayisivele ihlaselwe ukuzamazama komhlaba eLisbon ngo-1755, okwaqala ekujuleni kolwandle. I-tsunami eyaba umphumela yabangela umonakalo omkhulu ogwini lwaseHuelva naseCádiz, yabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-2.000 XNUMX engxenyeni enkulu yogu lwase-Andalusia. Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, banqume ukuxhumana noMkhandlu weChipiona lapho luzoqala khona lolu hlelo.
I-Chipiona iyicala lokuhlola uhlelo lokulungiselela i-tsunami, futhi zonke izinyathelo okufanele zithathwe ukulungisa umasipala ziyafundwa, kokubili ingxenye yokuphatha kanye nenani labantu kanye nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Lolu hlelo luzosebenza njengomhlahlandlela kwabanye omasipala mayelana nendlela yokulungiselela.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngengozi ye-tsunami eSpain nokuthi ungayilungiselela kanjani.