Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo ngokwezici zazo kanye nemvelaphi yazo. Enye yazo yi- i-stratovolcano. I-Stratovolcano yaziwa njengezinhlobonhlobo zezintaba-mlilo eziwugwadule eziphakeme, ezakhiwe ngamanani ahlukahlukene okwakheka kodaka oluqinile, ama-pyroclastic ashintshanayo akhiqizwa ngezikhathi ezishintshanayo zomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, kanye nemifula yodaka oluwuketshezi nomlotha wentaba-mlilo.
Kulesi sihloko sizogxila ekutsheleni ukuthi yiziphi izici, umsuka kanye nezinketho ze-stratovolcano.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ama-Stratovolcanoes abonakala ngamaphrofayili awo aphakeme futhi akhiqize ukuqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile. Udaka oluphuma kulezi zintaba-mlilo lune-viscous futhi luqina njengoba luphola ngaphambi kokuhamba amabanga amade. Umthombo wayo we-magmatic ucebile nge-silica noma i-asidi futhi iqukethe i-dacite, i-rhyolite ne-andesite. Eziningi zalezi zintaba-mlilo zingaphezu kwamamitha angu-2.500 ubude.
Izazi zentaba-mlilo zikhethe ukusebenzisa igama elithi "stratovolcano" esikhundleni segama elithi "intaba-mlilo eyinhlanganisela" evame ukusetshenziswa ukuze kubonakale umehluko phakathi kwakho kokubili, njengoba izintaba-mlilo ngokuvamile zibonakala ngokuba nezingqimba zezinto ezihlukahlukene eziye zaqhuma ngendlela ehlukile.
ama-stratovolcanoes zijwayelekile ze-subduction zone geology futhi zenzeka kuma-arcs noma amaketango amade emaphethelweni amapuleti e-tectonic. Le miphetho yilapho uqweqwe lwasolwandle luphansi kunoqweqwe lwe-continental (njengase-Andes) noma amagquma amaphakathi nolwandle (njengoba kubonakala eduze ne-Iceland). I-magma eyawabumba yavela lapho amanzi avaleleke kuma-basalts namaminerali echitheka ku-asthenosphere (ipuleti elingaphezulu lesigqoko soMhlaba), okubangela ukuba ligoqe.
Ukuqhuma kwe-stratovolcano
I-Desiccation (okungukuthi, ukususwa okuphelele kwamanzi ngamaminerali) kwenzeka lapho izimo ezifanele zokushisa nokucindezela zikhona kumaminerali athile ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwepuleti. Amanzi kungqimba engezansi ehlisa indawo yokuncibilika kwedwala elihamba phezu kwalo njengoba lidedelwa, ngakho ukuncibilika okuyingxenye kwenzeka, okulenza libonakale lincane kakhulu kunedwala elizungezile. Bese ikhipha i-magma ngoqweqwe, ukukhulula ama-mineral compounds acebile nge-silica.
I-Magma yakheka eduze kwendawo, njengamachweba emakamelweni e-magma, ngaphansi kwezintaba-mlilo. Ukucindezela okuhlobene okuphansi kwe-magma kusiza amagesi (sulphur, carbon dioxide, nechlorine) kanye namanzi asabele, njengokuvula ibhodlela lesoda, akhe imifantu yentaba-mlilo kanye nemfucumfucu ye-pyroclastic. Lapho inani elithile le-magma negesi linqwabelana, uphahla lwe-volcanic cone luyaqhuma, kubangele ukuqhuma.
Indawo yokudonswa
I-Plate tectonics theory ichaza ukwehliswa kwepuleti njengokulandelana okubangelwa ukucwila kwepuleti elilodwa ngaphansi kwelinye eliguquguqukayo ipuleti le-lithospheric. Le nqubo yenzeka ezindaweni zokunciphisa okwamanje ezingaphakathi kwePacific Ring of Fire eduze nogu lwe-Pacific, ezingxenyeni zoLwandle iMedithera, nasogwini lwase-India kanye ne-South Antilles e-Indonesia.
Izibonelo ze-stratovolcano
- I-Andes yaseChile. I-Nevado Ojos del Salado iyintaba-mlilo ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Le ntaba-mlilo yaseChile isendaweni engamamitha ayi-6.887 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Intaba-mlilo eseduze iLlullaillaco, nayo ese-Andes yaseChile, iyintaba-mlilo ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngamamitha angu-6.739. I-Nevado Ojos del Salado inechibi le-crater cishe ngamamitha angu-6.390 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, elinye lamachibi aphakeme kakhulu, uma kungelona eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamuva nje kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-1300 1993 edlule, kodwa abaqiniseki ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi intaba-mlilo yakhafula umlotha omncane ngo-XNUMX.
- I-Llullaillaco ingakwesokudla emngceleni weChile ne-Argentina. Le ntaba-mlilo yakhiwa intaba-mlilo encane phezu kwentaba-mlilo endala isiqongo sayo sabhidlika eminyakeni engaba ngu-150.000 10.000 edlule. Izintaba-mlilo ezincane kunazo zonke zaqala ukukhula eminyakeni engaba ngu-XNUMX XNUMX edlule.
- Mount St. Helens. Naphezu kwesihloko sayo njengenye ye-stratovolcano encane kunazo zonke e-Cascades, i-Mount St. Helens iyona esebenza kakhulu. Ukuqhuma kwawo kuye kwadala okungenani izingqimba zomlotha ezingu-35 kule minyaka engu-3500 1980 kuphela edlule. Le ntaba-mlilo yaziwa kakhulu ngokuqhuma kwayo ngo-57 okwabulala abantu abangu-185, kanye nokucekela phansi imigwaqo engamakhilomitha angu-15, ujantshi ongamakhilomitha angu-47, amabhuloho angu-250 kanye nemizi engama-5,1. Lokhu kuqhuma kwabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-0,7 futhi kwabangela ukubhidlika kwemfucumfucu elinganiselwa ku-XNUMX cubic kilometers.
- I-Mount Rainier. I-Mount Rainier iyisiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ku-Cascade Range ngamamitha angu-4.392. Nakuba i-Mount Rainier ngokwayo yathuthukiswa eminyakeni eyisigamu sesigidi edlule, isigaxa esifanayo sasikhona phakathi kweminyaka eyisigidi nesi-1 edlule. Ukuqhuma eminyakeni engu-2 5.600 edlule kwadala umgodi omkhulu esiqongweni, okwathi kamuva wagcwala njengoba ingqungquthela yakhiwa kabusha ngenxa yokuqhuma okwalandela. Ngenkathi ukuqhuma kokugcina kwentaba-mlilo kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-1.000 XNUMX edlule, kube neziqhumane eziningi eziqhume kakhulu ezisakaze umlotha kuso sonke isifunda saseWashington.
- I-Krakatoa Kuyisiqhingi sentaba-mlilo esiyingxenye yeSunda Strait. Ngo-1883, intaba-mlilo yabhekana nochungechunge lokuqhuma okunamandla okwathumela umlotha ongaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-50 emkhathini futhi wawuzwakala okungenani ngamamayela angu-2200 ukusuka endaweni yawo. Amandla amakhulu akhishwe ukuqhuma kwabangela i-tsunami eyabulala abantu abangu-36.400 eziqhingini zaseSumatra naseJava.
- Mount Tambora Kuyintaba-mlilo e-Indonesia eyaqhuma ngo-1815. Eqinisweni, lezi ziqhumane zazinobudlova kangangokuthi zabhalwa njengezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni. Amazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke ehle cishe ngo-3 degrees Celsius ngesikhathi kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, okungamangazi njengoba umlotha ulahlwe amakhilomitha angu-50 emkhathini. Ngenxa yokuthi intaba-mlilo yakhipha izinto eziningi, yabhidlika ngemva kokuqhuma, kwadala i-crater enkulu ngokwanele ukuba ibonakale emkhathini ngesikhathi kuqhubeka inqubo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-stratovolcano nezici zayo.