Phanerozoic

Esikalini sesikhathi se-geologic kukhona ama-eons, izikhathi, nama-epoch. Enye yazo i-aeon Phanerozoic. Kwaziwa njengesikali sesikhathi esenzeka ekupheleni kweProterozoic. Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi izinto eziphilayo ziqala ukuthatha izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zithuthuke. Lena yindlela eguquguquka ngayo kakhulu kuze kube nenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-Phanerozoic, izici zayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

I-Phanerozoic Aeon

I-Phanerozoic inkathi eyaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-590 edlule. Lena yi-eon emfushane kunazo zonke emlandweni womhlaba wonke. Kusaqhubeka nanamuhla. Elinye lamaqiniso afanele ukunakwa ukuphuka kwe-supercontinent Rodinia. Nokho, izingcezu ezithile zakwazi ukuhlanganisa kwaze kwaba yilapho kwakhiwa i-supercontinent Pangea.

Uma kuziwa empilweni yezilwane, lokhu kungenye yezinto ezishintsha kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba zaqala ukukhula kusukela ezinhlakeni ezinjengamagobolondo nama-crustaceans ekubukeni kwezilwane ezinomgogodla. Ingahlukaniswa izinkathi ezintathu: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, futhi Cenozoic. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenzekile kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo ephilayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kulula ukuthi ososayensi bakuqonde, ngoba izilwane eziningi zenkathi ye-Phanerozoic zazinezingxenye ezinzima (amagobolondo noma amathambo). Ngokungafani nezingxenye ezithambile, namuhla singathola izinsalela zalezi zingxenye eziqinile. Ngaphandle kwamagobolondo namathambo, amatshe amaningi e-Phanerozoic nawo angatholakala. Ososayensi banganquma isimo sezulu kanye nokuvela kwezitshalo nezilwane kulawa matshe.

Kwaqala eCambrian. Lapho kuvela izilwane zokuqala ezinamagobolondo aqinile, igama lazo lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki lasendulo elithi phanerós, elisho “okubonakalayo,” nelithi zôon, elisho “isidalwa,” futhi ndawonye lisho “ukuphila okubonakalayo.” Igama elithi "Phanerozoic" lamukelwa isazi sokuma komhlaba saseMelika uGeorge Halcott Chadwick (1876-1953) ngo-1930. Ilandela i-Precambrian ultrasound, ehlanganisa uHarbin Dick, Gufeng, kanye neProterozoic.

Isikhathi se-Phanerozoic kwaqala ngokuvela ngokushesha kochungechunge lwezilwane ezifuywayo (izinhlobo zenhlangano etholakala phakathi kwemibuso nezilwane), ezavela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuvela kwezinhlanzi kanye nokuvela kwezinambuzane kanye nokuvela kwezilwane ezine-quadruped nokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zanamuhla.

Amazwekazi

Amazwekazi manje esiwaziyo - iYurophu, i-Asia, i-Afrika, i-Oceania, i-Antarctica, iNyakatho Melika, neNingizimu Melika - akha izwekazi kudala. Leli zwekazi elikhulu libizwa ngokuthi iPangu continent. Ngenxa yokushayisana phakathi kwamazwekazi, izintaba ziyakhiwa, njengama-Appalachian e-United States. Ngaphakathi kwaleli zwekazi elikhulu, kwakhiwa inyakatho neningizimu, ihlukaniswe yi-Tethys yolwandle olusha.

Inyakatho yayibizwa ngokuthi yiLaurasia, kanti eningizimu yayibizwa ngokuthi iGondwana. Kamuva, iLaurasia yahlukaniswa yaba iNyakatho Melika, iGreenland, iYurophu ne-Asia. Izwekazi laseGondwana lakhiwe iNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, i-India, i-Australia kanye ne-Antarctica. Ngesikhathi seJurassic (phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-205 nezingu-135 eminyakeni edlule), amazwekazi amabili amakhulu ahlukana kakhulu. Amazwekazi ahamba kancane afika lapho ekhona manje. I-Afrika, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, neNdiya angqubuzana neYurophu ne-Asia. Omunye wemiphumela yalokhu kungqubuzana kwaba iHimalaya neMount Everest, intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni (amamitha angu-8850). Ukungqubuzana kwaba namandla kangangokuthi izintaba ze-Himalaya ziyaqhubeka zikhula ngesilinganiso samasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi izintaba ezisogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho neNingizimu Melika kanye neziqhingi eziningi ezisogwini olusempumalanga ye-Asia nazo zazalwa.

Isimo sezulu se-Phanerozoic kanye nomkhathi

Isimo sezulu se-Phanerozoic siye sabhekana nokuguquguquka okuningi. Kwakhiwa izingqimba zeqhwa ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene futhi zamboza nezwe. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule (Ordovician), izingxenye zaseNyakatho Afrika naseNingizimu Melika zazimbozwe yiqhwa. Muva nje, phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-350 nezingu-250 eminyakeni edlule (i-Carboniferous nePermian), izinguzunga zeqhwa zamboza izwekazi laseGondwana. Ngemva kwalokho, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, iningi le-Antarctica, eNyakatho Melika, naseYurophu nalo lalimbozwe yiqhwa.

I-Phanerozoic ingenye ye-eons eyahlupheka kakhulu ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, ukusuka ekubeni ugwadule ekuqaleni, ekubeni ukufudumala nokuswakama. Futhi ekugcineni izinga lokushisa layo lehla futhi kwaqala izikhathi eziningana zeqhwa. Umkhathi uyaqhubeka nokuthola umoya-mpilo ezintweni eziphilayo eziqhuba lo moya i-photosynthesis, okufana nalokho okwenziwa izitshalo namuhla.

Ngaphambi kwePaleozoic, kwakungekho mkhathi njengoba siwazi namuhla. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho inani lomoya-mpilo liqala ukwanda. Ekugcineni, umoya uqukethe umoya-mpilo omningi, okwakha ungqimba lwe-ozone. Ezindaweni eziphakeme, amangqamuzana omoya-mpilo ahlukaniswa yimisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. La mangqamuzana omoya-mpilo ahlangana enze i-ozone.

Kukhona ungqimba lwe-ozone oluwugqinsi oluphakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-35. Lolu ngqimba luqinisekisa ukuthi imisebe eyingozi evela elangeni ayifiki emhlabeni. Ngaphambi kokuba lolu ngqimba lukhule, izilwane zithembele ngokuyinhloko emanzini ukuze zivikeleke. Khona-ke izitshalo nezilwane zingaqala ukuhlala emhlabeni. Izitshalo zokuqala zomhlaba zakhula ngesikhathi seSilurian (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-450 edlule). Ziyizitshalo ezinama-vascular, njengama-ferns. Kwavela izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla ngokushesha. Ama-Amphibians avela ku-Devonian kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo eCarboniferous. Emgodleni weTriassic neJurassic (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200 ngaphambili) izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala zavuka futhi ekugcineni izinyoni. Izilwane ezincelisayo zizodlala indima enkulu ngemva kokushabalala kwama-dinosaurs ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCretaceous (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 ngaphambili).

ukuphila

Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ezitholakalayo zisuka enkathini efanayo namatshe amadala kakhulu. Izinsalela ezindala kunazo zonke zineminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.400 futhi ukwakheka kwazo kuyindilinga futhi kunemicu, elifana nelamagciwane. Ama-Stromatolite atholakala ikakhulukazi e-Shark Bay (ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Australia) nase-Yellowstone National Park (USA) ayevamile e-Paleozoic kanye ne-Proterozoic.

Izipontshi zokuqala zavela ngasekupheleni kwe-Proterozoic cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-700 edlule. Ngokuvamile, izilwane zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: izipontshi nezingezona izipantshi. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi izipontshi azinawo uhlelo lokugaya ukudla, njenge-jellyfish kanye nama-octopus. Ekuqaleni kwe-Paleozoic, izilwane ezinomgogodla ezazingezona izipontshi zakhula kakhulu. Izinsalela zibonisa ukuthi zonke izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezikhona namuhla zazikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule. Izilwane zokuqala ezinomgogodla zavela e-Ordovician, lezi kuyizinhlanzi.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Phanerozoic nezici zayo.