UNewton waba ngowokuqala ukuqonda ukuthi uthingo luyini: wasebenzisa iprism ukuze ahlukanise ukukhanya okumhlophe futhi akuhlukanise kube imibala yawo eyisisekelo: obomvu, osawolintshi, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza sasibhakabhaka, nonsomi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi I-prism kaNewton.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana prism Newton, izici zayo kanye nezicelo.
Iyini i-prism kaNewton
I-Newton's prism iyithuluzi elibonakalayo elisivumela ukuthi sihlole futhi siqonde imvelo yokukhanya. Yasungulwa usosayensi waseBrithani u-Isaac Newton ekhulwini le-XNUMX. owenza iminikelo ebalulekile emkhakheni we-optics.
Ikhono eliyinhloko le-Newton prism ukuphula ukukhanya okumhlophe kube izingxenye zayo zemibala. Lapho umsebe wokukhanya okumhlophe udlula ku-prism, ukukhanya kuyaphikiswa, okungukuthi, kuchezuka endleleni yakhona yasekuqaleni ngenxa yokushintsha kwejubane lapho udlula phakathi neprism. Lokhu kudala ukuthi ukukhanya kuhlukane kube amaza ahlukene, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala kusuka kokubomvu kuye kokuluhlaza.
Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka okulula. Newton wabonisa ukuthi Ukukhanya okumhlophe kwenziwa ingxube yemibala ehlukene nokuthi ngamunye wale mibala unobude obuhlukile beza. I-Newton's prism isivumela ukuthi sikubone ngamehlo engqondo lokhu kubola futhi isibonise ukuhlukahluka kwemibala eyakha ukukhanya esikubona nsuku zonke.
Isici esithakazelisayo se-Newtonian prism yikhono layo lokuhlehlisa inqubo yokuhlakazeka. Ngokubeka i-prism yesibili ngemva kweyokuqala, singaphinda sihlanganise imibala ehlakazekile futhi sithole ukukhanya okumhlophe futhi. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ukuhlehla kokuhlakazeka futhi sibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kuyingxube yayo yonke imibala ebonakalayo.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuboleni nasekuhlanganiseni kabusha ukukhanya, I-Newton's prism nayo isetshenziswe ku-spectroscopy, indlela evumela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ento ukuthi ihlaziywe ngokutadisha ukukhanya okukubambayo noma okukukhiphayo. Ngokudlulisa ukukhanya kusampula bese nge-prism, singabona imigqa emnyama noma ekhanyayo ku-spectrum ewumphumela, okusinika ulwazi mayelana nama-elementi akhona kusampula.
Isaac Newton kanye nomlando othile
U-Isaac Newton uvame ukuba omunye wososayensi bokuqala abakhulu abafika engqondweni lapho bexoxa ngabantu abavelele emlandweni. Indaba yakhe ye-apula namandla adonsela phansi isiyaziwa kakhulu. Lesi sazi sefiziksi sishiye uphawu emlandweni ngokwakha imithetho elawula ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasemkhathini eMhlabeni kanye nalokho kwezinto ezibonakalayo eMhlabeni. Umthetho Wendawo Yonke Yamandla Adonsela phansi kanye neMithetho emithathu ye-Classical Mechanics yizibonelo ezimbili zaleyo mithetho.
Nakuba umsebenzi wakhe wokukhanya nemibala ungaziwa kangako, uphawuleka ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphambi kocwaningo lukaNewton ngo-1665, kwakukholelwa ukuthi imibala yayikhiqizwa ngokusabela okuthile engilazini nokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kwakumhlophe ngokwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, waba ngowokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakunomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala imibala, njengoba kwakuhlukana phakathi ngenxa yezimfanelo zayo eziphikisayo.
Lapho wenza isilingo esiyisisekelo usebenzisa i-refracting prism, Waphawula ukuthi ukukhanya kungahlukaniswa kube imibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqaphela ukuthi izinto ezicwebezelayo zimunca imibala ethile kuyilapho ziveza eminye, nemibala evezwayo kube yileyo ebonakala ngeso lomuntu. Lokhu kuhlola kwakubaluleke kangangokuthi kwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of the Royal Society ngo-1672, kuphawula iphepha lokuqala lesayensi elishicilelwe emlandweni.
Umsuka wemibala
Isazi sefilosofi u-Aristotle sasiyingqalabutho ekuhlonzweni kwemibala. Phakathi nekhulu lesine BC, wathola ukuthi yonke imibala idalwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwemibala emine eyisisekelo. Le mibala yayihlotshaniswa nezakhi ezine ukuthi babelawula umhlaba, okuhlanganisa umhlaba, amanzi, umlilo nesibhakabhaka. U-Aristotle uphinde waveza ukuthi umthelela wokukhanya nesithunzi ungathonya le mibala, iyenze ibe mnyama noma ibe lula futhi idale ukuhlukahluka okuhlukile.
Ithiyori yemibala ayizange ithuthuke kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho uLeonardo Da Vinci ehlola izinto ezihlukahlukene. Le ndoda yase-Italy enamathalenta amaningi yayikholelwa ukuthi umbala ungowokubaluleka okubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabeka isilinganiso sokuqala semibala eyisisekelo eyaqanjwa u-Aristotle, isilinganiso esaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwayo yonke eminye imibala.
UDa Vinci uphakamise ukuthi umbala omhlophe ube wumbala oyinhloko, eqinisekisa ukuthi kwakuwukuphela kombala owawuvumela ukwamukelwa kwabo bonke abanye. Wahlobanisa okuphuzi nomhlaba, okuluhlaza namanzi, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesibhakabhaka, okubomvu nomlilo, nobumnyama nobumnyama. Nokho, ngasekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uDa Vinci wangabaza inkolelo-mbono yakhe lapho ebona ukuthi inhlanganisela yeminye imibala ingadala okuluhlaza.
Newton's prism kanye nethiyori yokukhanya
Ngo-1665, uNewton wathola into eshintsha ukuphila endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga. Ngokudlulisela ukukhanya okumhlophe ku-prism, wakwazi ukulihlukanisa libe nemibala eminingi. Lokhu kuhlola kwambonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kuqukethe yonke imibala ebonakalayo. Isici esiyinhloko esisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwakuyi-prism esobala. U-Newton ukuqinisekisile ukuthi imisebe ekhiqizwa i-prism yayibalulekile futhi ayinakuhlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuze aqinisekise lokho ayekutholile, wahlela ama-prism amabili ngendlela yokuthi avumele imisebe ebomvu evela kucwecwe lokuqala ukuba ahlangane njengoba edlula kwelesibili, aphinde akhiqize ukukhanya okumhlophe.
Ukwenzeka kwalesi simo kufana nokuphindaphindwa kokukhanya emaphethelweni ocezu lwepulasitiki noma ingilazi. Lokhu kubangela imibala ehlukahlukene ebusweni. Lesi simo singabonakala nangezikhathi zemvula enelanga. Amathonsi emvula asebenza njengama-prism, ahlukanise ukukhanya kwelanga futhi akhiqize uthingo olubonakalayo.
Ngemva kokubona kwakho, UNewton wathola ukuthi ukuphindaphinda kokukhanya kuncike entweni okukhulunywa ngayo.. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto ezithile ezikhanyayo zimunca imibala ethile esikhundleni sokuyiveza yonke. Kamuva, u-Newton waqaphela ukuthi kuphela imibala eboniswayo yileyo efinyelela emehlweni, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nomthelela ekuboneni umbala entweni.
Incazelo kaNewton yembula ukuthi indawo ebonakala ibomvu empeleni iwubuso obumunca yonke imibala yokukhanya okumhlophe ngaphandle kokubomvu, okubonakala bese kubonwa ngeso lomuntu bese kuchazwa ubuchopho njengombala obomvu.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Newton's prism nezici zayo.