I-Geology inamagatsha amaningana ajulisa izifundo zezingxenye ezahlukahlukene. Elinye lamagatsha e-geology ngu i-lithology. Yisayensi efunda amatshe, kufaka phakathi imvelaphi, iminyaka, ukwakheka, ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kuyo yonke iplanethi. Leli gatsha lesayensi linomsuka wasendulo, owaqala ngeminikelo eyahlukahlukene evela ekuniseleni kwamaShayina nama-Arabhu, phakathi kweminye imiphakathi. Iminikelo yengxenye esentshonalanga yomhlaba yaziwa kangcono leyo ka-Aristotle nomfundi wakhe uTheophrastus emsebenzini wakhe On the rocks.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kwe-lithology.
Izici ze-lithology
I-Lithology iyisiyalo esihlukanisa amatshe ekutadisheni kwezakhiwo zawo zomzimba kanye nemitholampilo. Zibuye zihlukaniswe ngokwezinqubo eziveza amatshe. Ngokuya ngalokhu, isungulwe ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zamatshe: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Yize amagama athi i-lithology ne-petrology ngokuvamile ebhekwa njengokufana, kukhona labo abenza umehluko ocashile. Isibonelo, uma sikhuluma nge-lithology asibhekiseli ocwaningweni lokwakheka kwedwala eline-aria echaziwe. Okusho ukuthi, sithatha indawo futhi sifunde izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamatshe akhona kuleyo ndawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-Petrology ivinjelwe ekutadisheni uhlobo ngalunye lwedwala ikakhulukazi. Ngokusho kwalabo ababheka amagama ahlukene, ukutadisha ukulandelana kwamatshe okubonakala kungenamuntu futhi akukho lutho yi-lithology. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha ukwakheka kwamaminerali emadwaleni ubuchwepheshe. Yize zombili zibhekwa njengokufana, zimboza zonke lezi zici.
Into yokufunda i-lithology yizakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamatshe. Izindlela zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuhlanganiswa kwamaminerali ngakunye. Ngakho-ke, kufakwa izifundo zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-mineralogy. Isakhiwo noma ukuthi izingxenye zihlelwe kanjani phakathi kwazo nakho kuyinto yokufunda ku-lithology.
Izinhlobo zeLithology nezedwala
Siyazi ukuthi amatshe atholakala koqweqwe lomhlaba futhi ahlukaniswa ngokwezinqubo eziwukhulisile. Lokhu kudala izinhlobo ezintathu zamatshe ezingaba khona: i-igneous, sedimentary, ne-metamorphic rocks. Sizochaza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamatshe ezifundwa ku-lithology.
Amatshe agneous
Yilezo ezakhiwa ngenxa yokuzikhethela nakuyo yonke i-magma. IMagma yinto encibilikisiwe eyenza ingubo yomhlaba. Lezi zinto azilutho ngaphandle kwedwala elincibilikisiwe elinamagesi neziphuzo. IMagma itholakala ekujuleni okukhulu futhi ikhuphukela phezulu ngenxa yemisinga ye-mantle convection kanye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Lapho le magma isivele ebusweni bomhlaba, ilahlekelwa amagesi futhi ipholise ize yakhe amatshe agne. Lolu hlobo lwedwala lubizwa ngamadwala entaba-mlilo.
IMagma ingaqina kancane phakathi nendawo phakathi kwemifantu ejulile futhi yakhe amatshe anjenge-plutonic igneous. Lawa matshe akha kancane. Babizwa ngamatshe angenalutho ngoba athathwa njengomsuka wokugcina. khona izinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile zamadwala angenalutho ngokusho kwawo. Amadwala ane-acid igneous yiwo akhiwa yingxenye ephezulu yesilica futhi ane-quartz yamahhala nensimbi encane ne-magnesium. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadwala ayisisekelo angenalutho yilawo anesilinganiso esiphansi sesilica futhi angenayo i-quartz, kodwa anenqwaba ye-magnesium nensimbi.
Amatshe aseSedimentary
Yilezo ezakhiwe ngeziduli ezibekwe ebusweni bomhlaba futhi zivela ekugugulekeni kwamatshe akhona. Zibizwa nangokuthi amadwala anemvelaphi engaphandle, ngoba akhiwa ngezinto ezisemgqeni womhlaba. Ukwakheka kwalawa matshe amaningi kunomsuka wemvelo. Isibonelo, kunamadwala amaningi akhiwe ngamagobolondo asolwandle aphezulu nge-calcium futhi akha amatshe we-calcareous. Ama-sediment awalutho ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali ezikhiqizwa ngenkathi kuguguleka amadwala akhona futhi. Lokho kusho ukuthi, Amadwala aseSedimentary angamadwala akhiwa ngamatshe akhona ngenqubo eyaziwa njenge-sedimentation.
Izinhlayiya ezakha amadwala asezintabeni zikhishwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi, ushintsho ekushiseni, umoya, ukuhudula, nokubekwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izinsalela ezifakwe ngemuva kwazo zonke izinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba zakha izingqimba ezingqimbeni futhi izingqimba ezingaphezulu zicindezela ezansi kuze kube yilapho zakha idwala. Njengoba ungalindela, le nqubo ithatha izigidi zeminyaka. Ngemuva kwezigidi zeminyaka izokwazi ukuvimba futhi ixazulule ukwakha izingqimba ezihleliwe zenzika. Izendlalelo ziyaqoqeka njengoba zenziwa yingcindezi evela esisindweni sezingqimba ezingenhla. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elenziwe kanye nokwenqatshwa kwezinto ezinosimende nakho kuyenzeka ekwakhekeni kwamadwala asezintabeni.
Kungaleso sikhathi-ke ukunyakaza kwama-tectonic okwenza lawa matshe anyukele phezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nazo ziyingxenye yezidalwa ezakha lawa matshe, hhayi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo njengamagobolondo nekhabhoni ephilayo. Imvamisa lolu hlobo lwamadwala anezinye izidalwa eziphilayo lubonakala ngokuhlukaniswa ngezintambo. Lokho wukuthi, amadwala akhombisa izingqimba noma imicu. Izibonelo zamadwala ase sedimentary aziwa kakhulu zingama-limestone namanye amagobolondo, amatshe esanti kanye nama-shales.
Amatshe we-Metamorphic
Yilezo ezakhiwe zivela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezinqubo ezedlule. Lezi zinqubo zenzeka ekujuleni komhlaba noma ngaphezulu. Angamadwala akhiwa ngokususelwa ekwakhekeni kwezidumbu okuye kwaba ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Kukhona futhi isenzo semagma yamagesi lapho kwakhiwa khona ukuguquguquka okujulile. Ake sibheke isibonelo sayo. Uhlobo olulodwa lwe-metamorphism yokuxhumana ngu lapho i-magma exuba indawo ihlangana nedwala elingaphezulu. Lokhu kuxhumana kubangela ukuthi amagesi nokushisa kudluliswe.
Ekuhlukaniseni i-metamorphism kungenye futhi into ehlukile. Kulokhu, kunengcindezi emadwaleni ase-sedimentary noma e-igneous ngenxa yokuhamba kwamapuleti we-tectonic. Le ngcindezi eyenziwa edwaleni igcina yakha idwala le-metamorphic.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-lithology nokuthi ifundani.