Ku-geology kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinqubo ezenzeka emadwaleni nasendaweni ezungezile. Enye yazo yi- i-diagenesis. Lezi yizo zonke izinqubo ama-sediments abhekana nazo phakathi nesikhathi esiqala ngokufakwa ngemva kokuguqulwa kwamadwala. Kulezi zimo, sikhuluma ngokwakhiwa kwamatshe e-sedimentary kanye namadwala e-metamorphic.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-diagenesis, izici zayo kanye nelukuluku.
Iyini i-diagenesis
I-Diagenesis yigama elisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili: eyokuqala isho inqubo yokuhlela kabusha izingxenye zento zibe into entsha noma ehlukile. Okwesibili, futhi okuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kubhekisela kuzo zonke izinqubo i-sediments edlula kuzo noma edabula phakathi nesikhathi esiqala ukufakwa futhi siqhubeke kuze kube yidwala. Iphinde ibhekisele ezinqubweni ezengeziwe zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezingashintsha lawa matshe aze awonakale. Ku-geology, i-metamorphism ingushintsho lwamadwala ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ze-geological ezibandakanya amazinga okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi.
Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zihlukanisa amadwala abe izigaba ezintathu ngokusekelwe endaweni yawo yokwakheka. Amadwala e-Sedimentary akhiwa ngokuguqula izingqimba ze-sedimentary zibe amadwala, inqubo edinga isikhathi esiningi nengcindezi. Amadwala e-igneous akhiwa ukupholisa kwe-lava noma i-magma. I-Magma ne-lava amagama amabili ento efanayo, kodwa i-magma ibhekisela kudaka olusengaphansi komhlaba, futhi udaka lubhekisela odaka olungaphansi komhlaba manje. Amatshe e-Metamorphic angamadwala angenasici noma ayi-sedimentary aguqukayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, amandla angular, noma izinga lokushisa, kodwa angancibiliki ngokuphelele idwala futhi alimunce ongqimbeni lwe-magma.
Zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezitholwa yizinsalela lapho ziguqulwa zibe amadwala, kanye nochungechunge lwezinqubo ezithinta izici zamadwala, zihlukaniswa ngaphansi kwegama elithi diagenesis. Lezi zinqubo ngokuyinhloko ziyizinqubo zamakhemikhali emvelweni, kodwa futhi zihlanganisa izinqubo zomzimba, ezifana ne-delamination. Noma kunjalo, I-diagenesis ayibandakanyi isimo sezulu, okuyingxenye yolunye uhlobo lwenqubo ye-geological.
Izinqubo ze-Diagenetic
Inqubo ye-diagenesis ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ikhulu kakhulu ukuyibhala esihlokweni salo sayizi, kodwa iwela ezigabeni eziningana. Enye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinqubo ze-diagenetic ukuguqulwa kwe-biomass in sediments ibe ama-hydrocarbons, okuyisiqalo sokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe nezinye izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. I-Fossilization inqubo ye-diagenesis eyenzeka ezingeni lamangqamuzana. Lapho amangqamuzana ngamanye omzimba, ikakhulukazi izinhlanganisela ezithile emathanjeni, athathelwa indawo i-calcite namanye amaminerali, i-calcite namanye amaminerali ayancibilika emanzini nasemanzini. Beka ngokuhlunga ungqimba lwenhlabathi.
I-Diagenesis kanye nosimende
I-Cementation iyisigaba esibalulekile se-diagenesis, okubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya zenzinga ngayinye zihlangane. Lena inqubo yamakhemikhali lapho amaminerali ancibilikisiwe (afana ne-calcite noma i-silica) ephuma emanzini njengoba engena emanzini. Ukucindezela kwezingqimba ezidlulanayo zenhlabathi kuholela enqubweni ye-diagenesis ebonakalayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-compaction. Lokhu kubumbana, kanye nokuhlunga kwamanzi anothile ngamaminerali, kubangela izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ukuba zinamathele kumaminerali ancibilikisiwe. Njengoba inzika yoma, amaminerali ayaqina futhi akhe usimende wemvelo. Itshe lesandstone liwuhlobo olujwayelekile lwamatshe olwakhiwe ngale ndlela. Izigaba eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-diagenesis nazo zingenzeka, okuhlanganisa izinguquko ekubunjweni kwezingqimba ze-sedimentary ngokugeleza kwamanzi aphethe amaminerali ancibilikisiwe.
Ngale nqubo, amaminerali amasha angakhiwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaminerali athile noma izinhlanganisela zizophuma enzikeni bese zithathelwa indawo amanye amaminerali noma izinhlanganisela. I-Petrification kwenzeka ngesikhathi se-diagenesis futhi inqubo lapho ama-sediments ephenduka amadwala. Nokho, ngemva petrification, diagenesis ingaqhubeka.
Izinqubo eziningi ze-diagenetic zithatha izinkulungwane noma izigidi zeminyaka. Izazi zokuma komhlaba, izazi ze-paleontologists, izazi ze-anthropologists, kanye nezazi zemivubukulo zihlaziya amadwala ukuze bathole inqubo yokwakheka kwegazi eyawakha. Ngale ndlela, bafunda okuningi mayelana nesikhathi esidlule, kuhlanganise nolwazi mayelana nokunyakaza kwe-tectonic ye-crust, idatha yemvelo, nolunye ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwamadwala nomlando womhlaba.
I-Lithification
I-Diagenesis ihlanganisa i-lithification, inqubo yokuguqula izinsalela ezivulekile zibe amadwala aqinile e-sedimentary. Inqubo ye-lithification eyisisekelo ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kanye nokufaka usimende. Ushintsho oluvamile lomzimba we-diagenetic ukuhlangana. Njengoba amadiphozi akhula, isisindo sempahla egqagqene sizocindezela amadiphozithi ajulile. Lapho i-sediment ijula, izoqina futhi iqine.
Njengoba izinhlayiya ziba zicindezelwa kakhulu, isikhala se-pore (indawo evulekile phakathi kwezinhlayiya) siyancipha kakhulu. Isibonelo, lapho ubumba lungcwatshwa ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ngezansi, umthamo wobumba ungancishiswa ufike ku-40%. Njengoba i-pore space inkontileka, amanzi amaningi afakwe ku-sediment ayaphuma.
Ukufakwa kukasimende kuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi ibe ngamatshe e-sedimentary. Kuwushintsho lwe-diagenetic lokho kuhilela ukucwengeka kwamaminerali phakathi kwezinhlayiya zenzinga ngayinye. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba athwala ama-ion esixazululo. Kancane kancane, la ma-ion acwebezela amaminerali amasha endaweni yembotshana, ngaleyo ndlela ahlanganise udoti.
Njengoba nje inani lesikhala sembotshana lincishiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, ukwengeza usimende enzimeni nakho kuzonciphisa ukubola kwawo. I-Calcite, i-silica, ne-iron oxide amasimende avame kakhulu. Ukuhlonza izinto ezinamathelayo ngokuvamile kuyindaba eqondile. I-Calcite Cement foams ngenxa ye-dilute hydrochloric acid. I-silica iyisimende enzima kakhulu ngakho-ke ikhiqiza idwala eliqinile le-sedimentary.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-diagenesis nezici zayo.