Ezikhathini zakudala kwakukhona abantu ababengakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo noma ekutholakaleni kwezinto ezithile. Ukuguqula obekuvele kukhona nokukholelwa ukuthi kuyiqiniso bekungeke kushintshe ngokushesha ngoba umuntu omusha uthe kunjalo. Lokhu kwenzeka UGiordano Bruno ngokuphikisana nabantu mayelana nokuthi uMhlaba wawungeyona indawo ye-Universe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokuchazela ngokwenzeka kuGiordano Bruno nokuthi yini ayisebenzisayo.
Wayengubani uGiordano Bruno?
Le yindoda ezinikele impilo yayo yonke kwifilosofi nakwezenkolo. Wayekholwa kakhulu futhi ebhala nezinkondlo nemidlalo. Wazalwa ngo-1548 eNola Napoles. Wagwetshwa intambo yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki Engcwele ngoba wenza isenzo esiveza isonto, esho ukuthi uMhlaba wawungeyona inkaba yoMhlaba.
Njengoba sazi namuhla, iplanethi yethu ingekaJehova Uhlelo lomkhathi, yakhiwe ngamanye amaplanethi ayi-8 anemizila yawo azungeze iLanga. Ngo-1548 babungekho ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bokwazi ukuma kwethu ku-Universe. Njengoba abantu bekulokhu kunjalo, bonile ukuzicabangela bona, futhi-ke, kulokhu, sikholwe ukuthi besiyisikhungo sakho konke. UGiordano Bruno ugwetshwe intambo futhi, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili, UPapa Clement VIII wamnika ithuba lokulahla imibono yakhe futhi aphenduke.
Indaba ithi uBruno akazange azilahle izinkolelo zakhe ngisho nangokushisa esigxotsheni. Wayeqinile ezimisweni zakhe kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. Manje kungaphetha ngokuthi indoda, okwatholakala kwayo yayiqhubekele phambili ngesikhathi sayo, yabulawa ngonya ngokuzicabangela komuntu kanye nesonto.
Izinkinga zakho seziqalile nini wazama ukufunda imibhalo engavunyelwe yesazi sefilosofi esingumDashi uDesiderius Erasmus waseRotterdam. Lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1575 futhi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uBruno wabekwa obala. Lokhu kwakumane kuyisiqalo sezinkinga zakhe. Izinkolelo zakhe kusukela esemncane zaziwusongo esontweni, ngoba wayenendlela yakhe yokuqonda imfundiso yenkolo. Umphakathi wezenkolo ngokwengeziwe wahlupheka lapho uzwa izinto uBruno ayezisho ngoMhlaba yize wayengumuntu okholwayo.
Izinkinga empilweni
Ngokunikezwa izinkolelo zakhe ezahlukahlukene zeminyaka yakhe (okugcine kutholakale ukuthi iyiqiniso), UGiordano kuthiwa akakaze amukelwe ngabezenkolo. Wabekwa waba ngumfundisi futhi wasolwa ngokuba yisihlubuki. Ngenxa yalokhu kwakufanele ashiye i-Order futhi axoshwe esontweni. Kamuva waguqukela enkolelweni kaCalvin, yize imibono yakhe egxekayo yaholela ekuboshweni kwakhe ngokushesha.
Akukona nje ukuthi uBruno washushiswa yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngokuba nemibono noma izinkolelo ezingahambisani nenkolo, kepha ongqondongqondo abahlukahlukene bahlaselwa ngonya yibo labo abazama ukushumayela izwi likaNkulunkulu nokuletha ukuthula emhlabeni.
Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, nje wayejabule ngempela futhi wakwazi ukuthola ukuthula phakathi neminyaka ayeseLondon, eParis nase-Oxford. Kuphela lapho wakwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono akhe kahle, wathola udumo njengombhali wemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezenkolo.
Waqala nokuqinisa eminye yemibono yakhe ngesayensi kanye inkolelo ye-heliocentric kaNicolás Copernicus neSolar System. Le mibono nayo yayisongelwa ngokuqhubekayo yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki futhi yasekelwa nguGalileo Galilei.
Imibono ngaphambi kwesikhathi sayo
Futhi kube nabantu asebedlulele kakhulu isikhathi abaphila ngaso. Uprofesa woMnyango Wezemvelo waseState University of Sao Paulo (UNESP) ogama lakhe linguRodolfo Langhi uqinisekise ukuthi uBruno uyazi futhi uyalisekela iqiniso lokuthi iLanga liyisikhungo seMvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayesungule imibono ehlukahlukene ngokuya ngalokho ayekufundile. Ukuqinisekisile ukuthi i-Universe ayinamkhawulo futhi ayinaso isikhungo esisodwa njengoba sazi. Lokho wukuthi, kwakukhona imihlaba eyakhiwe kakhulu njengoMhlaba nokuthi iqembu ngalinye lamaplanethi lalizungeza isikhungo salo.
UBruno wayevele ecabanga ngonyaka we-1575 ukuthi e-Universe ayekhona amanye amaplanethi amaningi afana noMhlaba nezinye izinkanyezi eziningi ezinkulu njengeLanga. Ukuqinisekisile ukuthi kunamaplanethi amaningi ngale Saturn lokho kuzungeze iLanga. Kamuva, ngemuva kokutholwa kwe- I-Uranus, Neptune y Pluto ngo-1871m 1846 nango-1930, ngokulandelana, kwaboniswa ukuthi wayengenaphutha.
Inkinga uBruno ayenayo nomphakathi ukuthi wayengazisekeli izinkolelo zakhe kulwazi nakwisayensi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, wayecabanga ngezinkolelo zenkolo futhi yilokho okwakumnika izinkinga ezanda ngokwengeziwe waze waba seqophelweni lokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki. Ngemuva kokubekwa icala lokuhlubuka, kwadingeka ahambe eParis ngo-1586. Wabhala izihloko eziningi lapho uthuke izikhulu zeSonto namalungu akhe ukuze nje aqinisekise imibono yakhe.
Ngemuva kokushiya eParis waya eJalimane lapho afike wakhosela enkolweni yamaLuthela. Baphinde bamxosha lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuphela kukaGiordano Bruno
Iphutha elibi kakhulu empilweni yakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza kwaba ukubuyela e-Italy ngemuva kweminyaka engu-15 esukile. Futhi ukuthi wakhashelwa ngumuntu ohloniphekile uGiovanni Mocenigo owathi, ngezaba zokuthi uBruno wayenguthisha wakhe, Ummemele endlini yakhe futhi kulapho amnikele khona kwiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yaseVenetian.
Lapho enecala elilinganayo, wakubeka eceleni ukuziqhenya nokuzikhukhumeza ayekade enakho yonke le minyaka futhi waphatha kahle ijaji. Kodwa-ke, bese kwephuzile ukubuyela emuva ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa. Isinqumo sasiwukuthi washiswa phambi kwabantu esigxotsheni ezandleni zeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Yize athi ukushumayela kwakhe Babengeyona inkolo, kepha ifilosofi, wafela esigxotsheni, yashiswa ngonyaka we-1600.
Njengoba ubona, abasabalalisi beqiniso beqiniso babulawa ngesihluku yiSonto. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngempilo kaGiordano Bruno.