Lapho sihlaziya wonke amaplanethi we uhlelo lwelanga siyabona ukuthi kukhona zombili amaplanethi angaphakathi njenge Amaplanethi angaphandle. Kodwa-ke, kunemishini ehlukahlukene yesikhala ezinikezelwe ekufuneni amaplanethi ngaphandle kwesistimu elanga. Amaplanethi atholakala ngale kwemikhawulo yendawo yelanga lethu aziwa ngokuthi exoplanets.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngama-exoplanets nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuzithola.
Yini ama-exoplanets
Kunamaphrojekthi amaningi azama ukusesha ama-exoplanets ngale kwesistimu elanga. Leli gama lisho amaplanethi atholakala ngaphesheya kwesistimu elanga, yize kungekho ncazelo esemthethweni ehlangabezana nezici ezithile. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi eyedlule i-International Astronomical Union (IAU, ngesiNgisi) yenze umehluko othile ukuze ikwazi ukuchaza kahle imigomo yeplanethi neplanethi encane. Lapho kusungulwa lezi zincazelo ezintsha IPluto yayingasabhekwa njengeplanethi ngokusemthethweni futhi yachazwa njengeplanethi encane.
Yomibili le miqondo ibhekise kuzidalwa zasezulwini ezizungeza ilanga. Isici esivamile esibahlanganisayo ukuthi banesisindo esanele ukuze amandla abo adonsela phansi akwazi ukunqoba amandla omzimba oqinile ukuze bakwazi ukuthola ukulingana kwe-hydrostatic. Kodwa-ke, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, okufanayo akwenzeki ngencazelo yama-exoplanets. Akukho ukuvumelana kuze kube manje ngezici ezifanayo namaplanethi atholakala ngale kohlelo lwelanga.
Ukwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa, kubhekiswa kuma-exoplanets njengawo wonke amaplanethi angaphandle kwesistimu elanga. Okungukuthi, futhi baziwa ngegama lamaplanethi angaphandle.
Izici eziyinhloko
Njengoba kufanele kuvunyelwane ngokuvumelana ukuze kuchazwe, kuqoqwe futhi kuhlukaniswe la maplanethi, izici ezivamile kufanele zisungulwe. Ngale ndlela, i-IAU yaqoqa izici ezintathu ama-exoplanets okufanele abe nazo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi lezi zici ezintathu:
- Zizoba yizinto ezinesisindo sangempela esingaphansi kwesisindo esilinganiselwe sokuhlanganiswa kwe-nyukliya kwe-deuterium.
- Zungeza inkanyezi noma insali yezinkanyezi.
- Phrezenta ubukhulu kanye / noma usayizi omkhulu kunalowo osetshenziswe njengomkhawulo weplanethi kusistimu yelanga.
Njengoba bekulindelekile, izici zokuqhathanisa ziyasungulwa phakathi kwamaplanethi angaphandle nangaphakathi kohlelo lwelanga. Kumele sibheke izici ezifanayo ngoba wonke amaplanethi avame ukuzungeza inkanyezi emaphakathi. Ngale ndlela, "ama-solar system" enziwa ngasikhathi sinye ukukhiqiza lokho esikwaziyo njengomthala. Uma sibheka esichazamazwini sesikhungo sobukhosi saseSpain siyabona ukuthi igama elithi exoplanet alifakiwe.
I-exoplanet yokuqala yatholakala ngaphezu kwekota yekhulu leminyaka edlule. Futhi kungukuthi ngonyaka we-1992 izazi zezinkanyezi eziningana zathola uchungechunge lwamaplanethi azungeza inkanyezi eyaziwa ngegama likaLich. Le nkanyezi ikhetheke kakhulu ngoba ikhipha imisebe ngezikhathi ezifushane ezingajwayelekile.. Ungathi le nkanyezi ibisebenza sengathi ibiyisibani.
Eminyakeni eminingana ngemuva kwalokhu, amaqembu amabili esayensi athola i-exoplanet yokuqala ukuzungeza inkanyezi efana nelanga. Lokhu kutholwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezinkanyezi, ngoba kukhombisa ukuthi amaplanethi akhona ngale kwemingcele yesimiso sethu sikanozungezilanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwamaplanethi okwakungazungeza izinkanyezi ezifana nezethu kwaqinisekiswa. Okusho ukuthi, ezinye izinhlelo zelanga zingaba khona.
Kusukela lapho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, umphakathi we-cieu-ntifica ukwazile ukuthola izinkulungwane zama-exoplanet ohambweni oluhlukile efuna amaplanethi amasha. Esaziwa kakhulu isibonakude iKepler.
Izindlela zokucinga ama-exoplanets
Njengoba la ma-exoplanet engatholakali ngokomzimba, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola lawo maplanethi akhona ngale kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezihlukile:
- Indlela yezokuthutha: kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu namuhla. Inhloso yale ndlela ukukala ukukhanya okuvela enkanyezini. Ukudlula kwe-exoplanet phakathi kwenkanyezi yenkanyezi nomhlaba ukuze ukukhanya okufika kithi kuzokwehla ngezikhathi ezithile. Singacabanga ngokungaqondile ukuthi iplanethi engaphezulu ikhona kuleyo ndawo. Le ndlela iphumelele kakhulu futhi yiyo esetshenziswe kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
- I-Astrometry: kungenye yamagatsha esayensi yezinkanyezi. Kuzophatha kakhulu ukuhlaziya isikhundla nokuhamba okufanele kwezinkanyezi. Ngenxa yazo zonke izifundo ezenziwa yi-astrometry, kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ama-exoplanet ngokuzama ukukala ukuphazamiseka okuncane okwenziwa yizinkanyezi ezinkanyezini ezizungezayo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje ayikho iplanethi engaphezulu etholakele esebenzisa i-astrometry.
- Ukulandelela kwe-Radial velocity: kuyindlela ekala ukuthi inkanyezi izohamba ngokushesha kangakanani emzileni omncane owenziwa ukukhanga kwe-exoplanet. Le nkanyezi izohamba iye kude nathi ize iqede ukuzungeza kwayo. Singabala ijubane lohlangothi lwenkanyezi lwentambo uma sinombuki phansi. Leli jubane laziwa ngegama lejubane le-radial. Konke lokhu kwehluka okuncane kuma-velocities kudala ushintsho ku-spectrum yokubuka izinkanyezi. Lokho wukuthi, uma silandela ijubane le-radial singathola ama-exoplanet amasha.
- I-Pulsars chronometry: amaplanethi okuqala angaphandle ayezungeze i-pulsar. Le pulsar yaziwa ngokuthi i-starlight. Zikhipha imisebe ngezikhathi ezifushane, ezingajwayelekile njengendlu yesibani. Uma i-exoplanet izungeza inkanyezi enalezi zici, ukukhanya kwesibani okufika emhlabeni wethu kungathinteka. Lezi zici zingasetshenziswa njengombono wokwazi ukuthi kukhona i-exoplanet entsha ezobe ijikeleza i-pulsar.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngama-exoplanets nokuthi atholakala kanjani.