Intaba-mlilo isakhiwo sokwakheka komhlaba lapho i-magma iphakama ivela ngaphakathi komhlaba. Lezi zivame ukuba nemvelaphi yazo emikhawulweni yamacwecwe ama-tectonic, okungumphumela wokuhamba kwawo, yize kukhona futhi okuthiwa izindawo ezishisayo, okungukuthi, izintaba-mlilo ezitholakala lapho kunganyakazi khona phakathi kwamapuleti. Ukwazi izintaba-mlilo zakha kanjani Kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe futhi, ngakho-ke, sizokuchaza kulesi sihloko.
Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zakhiwa kanjani, lokhu okuthunyelwe kwakho.
Izintaba-mlilo zakha kanjani
Intaba-mlilo ukuvuleka noma ukuqhekeka koqweqwe lomhlaba lapho kukhishwa khona umagma noma udaka lwentaba olusuka ngaphakathi komhlaba luba udaka, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, negesi emazingeni aphezulu okushisa. Imvamisa yakha onqenqemeni lwamapuleti ama-tectonic. Ukwakheka kwezintaba-mlilo kunezinqubo ezihlukile:
- Izintaba-mlilo ezinemikhawulo yezwekazi: Lapho inqubo yokuncishiswa kwenzeka, amapuleti asolwandle (ubukhulu obukhulu) anciphisa amapuleti ezwekazi (aminyene kancane). Ngokwenza lokhu, into encishisiwe iyancibilika futhi yakhe i-magma, ekhuphuka ngemifantu bese ixoshwa ngaphandle.
- Intaba-mlilo emaphakathi nolwandle: Intaba-mlilo yakhiwa lapho izingqimba ze-tectonic zihlukana futhi zakha imbobo lapho kukhiqizwa khona umagma engubeni ephezulu eqhutshwa yimisinga yolwandle ejwayelekile.
- Izintaba-mlilo ezishisayo: izintaba-mlilo ezikhiqizwa ngamakholomu akhulayo e-magma anqamula uqweqwe lomhlaba bese enqwabelana olwandle ukuze akhe iziqhingi (njengeHawaii).
Izimo zokuqeqesha
Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zingaba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezici ezithile zokwakheka kwazo (njengendawo noma inqubo ngqo), kepha izici ezithile zokwakheka kwentaba-mlilo ziyisisekelo sazo zonke izintaba-mlilo. Intaba-mlilo yakhiwa kanjena:
- Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-magma yakha ngaphakathi komhlaba.
- Khuphukela phezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba.
- Kuqubuka ngokuqhekeka koqweqwe lomhlaba nangaphakathi komgodi omkhulu ngendlela yokuqhuma.
- Izinto zokwakheka ngomkhumbi ziyaqoqana ebusweni bomhlaba ukuze kwakheke intaba-mlilo enkulu.
Izingxenye zentaba-mlilo
Lapho intaba-mlilo isiqalile, sithola izingxenye ezahlukahlukene eziyibumba:
- I-Crater: ukuvulwa okutholakala phezulu futhi okuxoshwa ngalo udaka, umlotha nazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Uma sikhuluma ngezinto zokwenziwa kwe-pyroclastic sibhekisa kuzo zonke izingcezu zedwala elingenamlilo, amakristalu amaminerali ahlukahlukene, njll. Kunemigodi eminingi ehluka ngosayizi nokuma, yize okuvame kakhulu ukuthi ayindilinga futhi abanzi. Kukhona ezinye izintaba-mlilo ezinomgodi ongaphezu koyedwa.
- Ubhayela: ingenye yezingxenye zentaba-mlilo evame ukudideka nentaba-mlilo. Kodwa-ke, kungukucindezeleka okukhulu okwenzeka lapho intaba-mlilo ikhipha cishe zonke izinto ezivela ekamelweni layo le-magma lapho kuqhuma intaba. I-caldera idala ukungazinzi okuthile ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo entula ukusekelwa kwayo.
- Isigaxa sentaba-mlilo: ukuqongelela kwe-lava okuqina njengoba kuphola. Futhi ingxenye yesigaxa sentaba-mlilo yiwo wonke ama-pyroclast angaphandle kwe-volcano akhiqizwa ukuqhuma noma ukuqhuma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Izikhala: yimifantu eyenzeka ezindaweni lapho kuxoshwa khona i-magma. Zingama-slits noma imifantu enesimo esivulekile esinikeza umoya ngaphakathi futhi okwenzeka ezindaweni lapho i-magma kanye namagesi angaphakathi axoshelwa phezulu.
- Iziko lomlilo: ngumsele okuxhunywe kuwo ikamelo lomlingo kanye nomgodi wentaba. Kuyindawo yentaba-mlilo lapho udaka lwentaba lwenziwa khona ukuxoshwa kwalo. Kakhulu, futhi amagesi akhishwa ngesikhathi kuqhuma adlula kule ndawo.
- Dykes: Ziyi-igneous noma i-magmatic formations ezimise okwe-tube. Zidlula ezingxenyeni zamadwala aseduze bese ziyaqina lapho izinga lokushisa lehla.
- Dome: Kungukuqongelela noma isiduli esenziwe ngodaka olubonakalayo futhi oluthola ukwakheka okuyindilinga. La lava aminyene kangangokuba awakwazanga ukunyakaza kwazise ibutho lokungqubuzana linamandla kakhulu nomhlabathi.
- Igumbi le-Magmatic: Inesibopho sokuqongelela i-magma evela ngaphakathi komhlaba. Imvamisa itholakala ekujuleni okukhulu futhi iyidiphozi egcina itshe elibunjiwe elaziwa ngokuthi yi-magma.
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo
Ngokuya ngomsebenzi kumvamisa lapho izintaba-mlilo zivele khona, singahlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezintaba-mlilo:
- Intaba-mlilo esebenzayo: Kusho intaba-mlilo engaqhuma nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi isesimweni sokulala.
- Izintaba-mlilo ezingasebenzi Zibonisa izimpawu zomsebenzi, okubandakanya i-fumaroles, iziphethu ezishisayo, noma lezo ezihlale isikhathi eside phakathi kokuqhuma. Ngamanye amagama, ukuze kubhekwe njengokungenzi lutho, kufanele kube ngamakhulu eminyaka selokhu kwaqhuma okokugcina.
- Intaba-mlilo engasekho: Izinkulungwane zeminyaka kufanele zidlule ngaphambi kokuba intaba-mlilo ibhekwe njengengasekho, nakuba lokhu kungaqinisekisi ukuthi izovuka ngesikhathi esithile.
Izintaba-mlilo nokuqhuma kwenzeka kanjani
Ukuqhuma kungenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zezintaba-mlilo, okusisiza ukuba sizihlukanise futhi sizifunde. Kunezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo:
- Ukuqhuma kweMagma: igesi ku-magma ikhishwa ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwabantu, okwenza ukuthi i-magma iqhume phezulu.
- Ukuqhuma kwe-Phrenomagmatic: kwenzeka lapho i-magma ihlangana namanzi ukuze ipholile, lapho lokhu kwenzeka, i-magma ikhuphuka kakhulu phezulu bese i-magma ihlukana.
- Ukuqhuma kwesibindi: Kwenzeka lapho amanzi ahlangana ne-magma ehwamuka, njengoba udaba oluzungezile nezinhlayiya zihwamuka, kusele i-magma kuphela.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, izintaba-mlilo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zivame ukucwaningwa ososayensi ukuzama ukubikezela ukuqhuma kwazo. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi izintaba-mlilo zakhiwa kanjani nokuthi ziyini izici zazo.