I-Las cleats ziwukuphuka emadwaleni okungavamisile ukuhambisana nokudilika kwenhlabathi yalokho okuyidwala elinqumayo. Into evamile kakhulu ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana okuncane okuphambene. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa namaphutha angama-fracture lapho singathola khona ukushelela kwamabhlogo. Amalunga ayizimo ezintekenteke zamadwala anenqwaba yemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nama-cleats, ukwakheka kwawo nezici.
Izici eziyinhloko
Njengezinye izakhiwo ze-geological, isiqondiso samalunga sichazwa ngamapharamitha amabili:
- Ikheli: I-engeli eyakhiwe umugqa ovundlile oqukethwe endizeni yokukhuluma kanye ne-eksisi esenyakatho naseningizimu.
- I-Dip: i-engeli eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela kanye nendiza evundlile ecatshangelwayo.
Amalunga akudingekile ukuba ngokuvamile abe flat, futhi akufanele aphendule kunoma yikuphi ukuma kwejometri evamile, ngakho imingcele ekhonjisiwe ingase ihluke ukusuka kwelinye iphuzu kuya kwelinye. Amalunga ngokuvamile awahlukanisiwe, kodwa ahlobene namaphutha nama-kinks. Ngokuvamile, uma kukhona amasethi amabili noma ngaphezulu amalunga, sikubiza ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-articular noma "isistimu ehlangene."
Ezilula kakhulu yilezi:
- Isistimu yokuhlanza ehambisanayo: wonke amalunga anesiqondiso nokuthambekela okufanayo.
- Isistimu ehlanganisiwe esikiwe: ama-cleats anezikhombisi-ndlela nama-engeli ahlukene, ngakho-ke asika ezindaweni ezithile. Icala elivame kakhulu ngokuvamile umndeni wamalunga ahlanganisiwe, lapho izinkomba ezimbili noma ezintathu eziyinhloko ezihlangene zikhiqizwa into efanayo yesakhiwo (ukuguqulwa noma ukucindezelwa).
Ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kwamalungu okucindezela kanye nama-distension joints, kuyadingeka ukutadisha i-axis eyinhloko ye-deformation yendawo noma yesifunda, ngoba i-joint ngokwayo ayikwazi ukunikeza ulwazi olwanele (i-groove noma i-displacement). Endabeni yamajoyinti okwandisa, isiqondiso somndeni ovelele kakhulu ngokuvamile sibhekene nesiqondiso sokunwetshwa, kanti emajoyini okucindezela, kuyisiqondiso se-acute bisector enqamula ukujoyina.
Izindlela Ezihlangene
Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani zingakheka, okuhlanganisa amandla aqondisayo, njengamandla abangela amaphutha aphansi noma ama-creases. Esinye sezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokubopha ukwehla komthamo wezinto ezibonakalayo (ukuminyana okwandayo), okungase kwenzeke ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene:
- Ukwehla kwamanzi emzimbeni, njengenhlabathi ehlala emoyeni ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini.
- Isiqandisi, njengamakholomu e-basalt. Akhiwa ukugeleza kwe-basalt, uma i-lava iqina, ukugeleza kwe-basalt kuhlukana kube ama-prisms (ukuhlukaniswa kwekholomu) ngokupholisa okulandelayo. I-Giant's Causeway e-Ireland, noma i-Los Órganos de La Gomera, ezinye zezibonelo eziningi ezaziwayo zaleli cala.
- Ukwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu. Ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuvumela, ezintweni ze-geological, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-molecule ahlangene anweba ukunwetshwa kwamanethiwekhi e-crystalline, okwandisa ukuminyana kwezinto, okunxeshezelwa, njengasezimweni zangaphambilini, ngokwakhiwa kwemifantu.
- Ukuwohloka. Kungesinye isizathu esibalulekile sokuhlanganisa, njengaleso esithinta i-granite pluto evezwa ukuguguleka. Yile ndlela ukwakheka okwenzeka eNkabeni yeSpain okubizwa ngokuthi ama-ber mooes noma ama-berrocales.
Ukubaluleka kwama-cleats
Ama-cleats abalulekile ngoba ngokuvamile alawula iphethini yokukhipha amanzi kanye nokuma kogu lolwandle, futhi ahlinzeka nendlela yokuba amanzi angene ekujuleni kwedwala, ngaleyo ndlela akhuthaze ukuguguleka. Amatshe ahlanganisiwe angena emanzini, ngakho angasetshenziswa njengama-aquifers noma i-rock-oil noma izinkwali zokugcina igesi futhi abavukuzi banakisisa ukuxhumana, njengoba ukuba khona kwabo noma ukungabikho endaweni ethile kungaqhubekisela phambili noma kubambezele umsebenzi wakho.
Ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kwe-compress kanye ne-tension Cleats, i-axis eyinhloko ye-deformation yendawo noma yesifunda kufanele ifundwe, ngoba i-cleat ngokwayo ayikwazi ukunikeza ulwazi olwanele (i-groove noma i-offset). Endabeni yokwandiswa, isiqondiso somndeni ovelele kakhulu ngokuvamile sibhekene nesiqondiso sokwandisa, kuyilapho ku-compression, kuyisiqondiso se-acute bisector ewela ukujoyina.
Ukuziqeqesha
- Ukunwetshwa. Lokhu kubangelwa uhlelo lokucindezeleka olusebenza ku-rock massif, okuwumphumela wokupholisa (emadwaleni avuthayo. Isakhiwo sekholomu) noma ukomisa (emadwaleni e-sedimentary).
- Ukuwohloka. Isistimu ye-stud ingakhula ngokufana okungaphezulu noma okuncane phezulu, ikakhulukazi ekungeneni kwamatshe avuthayo, njengegwadle.
- Zingabangelwa ukukhishwa kwenqwaba yamatshe lapho umthwalo osindayo uguguleka.
- I-Tectonics: isuka njengomphumela oqondile wokugoqa noma ukuphonseka edwaleni, futhi ngokuvamile yamukela izinhlelo ezintathu: ukuzala, ukuhambisana ne-eksisi yokugoqa; isistimu yokuthambekela, i-perpendicular to cleats, kanye nesistimu ye-conjugate ye-oblique cleats ibonakala ngaphansi kwama-45 ° lapho iqondisa ukufuduka kwesakhiwo. Kwezinye izimo, amaqembu amabili akha isistimu ehlanganisiwe akhula ngokungalingani. Kulezi zinhlelo igama elithi "shear joint" lisetshenziswe, elihambisana cishe nesiqondiso sethiyori sokugunda okuphezulu.
Umehluko nokwehluleka
Amaphutha okwakheka komhlaba angachazwa ngokuthi ngokuvamile imifantu eyisicaba ebonakala engxenyeni yoqweqwe lomhlaba futhi ibe nokugudluka okuthile okubanzi ngokwanele ukuba kubonwe ngeso lenyama noma emoyeni. Ububanzi bamaphutha bungahluka ukusuka kumasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumakhilomitha amaningana, futhi ingasuka kumakhulu amamitha ukusuka kwelinye, njengeSan Andreas Fault yaseCalifornia, eU.SA Ukunyakaza kwamaphutha kubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinhlelo zezintaba. Iphutha elihlukanisa umhlaba ngamabhulokhi amabili, elinye lisusiwe ngokuhlonipha elinye.
Kulokhu sibona ukuthi ama-cleats ziwukuphuka kuphela kusiza ukushelela okwenzeka lapho amaphutha enziwa okubangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuba khona kwamanye amachopho ama-tectonic plate.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nama-cleats nezici zawo.