Sonke sibone imephu yezixhumanisi lapho kukhona ama-meridians amakiwe. Kunabantu abaningi abangazi kahle yini ama-meridians. Ama-meridians kanye nokuhambisanayo yimigqa emibili ecatshangwayo lapho umhlaba uvame ukuhlelwa ngokwendawo. Ngazo, kumiswa uhlelo lokuxhumanisa oluvumela indawo enembile yanoma iyiphi indawo emhlabeni ngokusekelwe kububanzi bayo nobude.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yini ama-meridians, yiziphi izici zawo nokubaluleka kwawo.
yini ama-meridians
Ngokuqondile, i-meridian umugqa oqondile esingawuhlukanisa umhlaba ube izingxenye ezilinganayo. Zonke ziqala e-North Pole futhi zisakaze eNingizimu (futhi ngokuphambene nalokho). Imigqa ehambisanayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyimigqa evundlile efanayo. Umugqa ohambisanayo ongu-0 uyinkabazwe. Phinda okunye ukufana ngokudweba imibuthano emincane kuma-hemispheres asenyakatho naseningizimu. Inhlanganisela yala maqoqo amabili emigqa yakha igridi.
Zombili izinhlobo zemigqa zinephoyinti eliyireferensi lapho imigqa yobude nelathithudi ingabalwa khona, kusetshenziswa i-sexagesimal (echazwa kanje: degrees°, imizuzu, namasekhondi):
- Ama-meridians. Zikalwa ngesilinganiso se-engeli ngayinye (1°), kusukela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-meridian engu-0° noma i-Greenwich meridian, indawo ngqo yonkana eLondon lapho iRoyal Greenwich Observatory yake yaba khona. Ukusuka lapho, ama-meridians angabhekwa njengempumalanga noma entshonalanga, kuye ngokuthi abheke kuphi maqondana naleyo eksisi, futhi umhlaba uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezingama-360 noma "gajos".
- Ukufana. Zikalwa ukusuka enkabazwe, kucatshangelwa ama-engeli eziwakhayo ngokuphathelene ne-eksisi Yomhlaba yokuzungezisa: 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° kanye no-75°, konke kusenyakatho nenkabazwe (isb, 30 °N) , njengaseningizimu (30° S).
Aplicaciones
Umthelela wohlelo lokusebenza walolu hlelo uba:
- Isistimu yendawo yesikhathi, kunqunywa uMeridian. Okwamanje, ifomethi ye-GMT (i-Greenwich Mean Time, “Greenwich Mean Time”) isetshenziselwa ukumela isikhathi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba, ukwengeza noma ukususa amahora ngokuvumelana ne-meridian ebusa izwe ngalinye. Isibonelo, izoni yesikhathi yase-Argentina yi-GMT-3, kuyilapho izoni yesikhathi yase-Pakistan ingu-GMT+5.
- Isimo sezulu somhlaba, kunqunywa imigqa ehambisanayo. Kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukufana okuyisihlanu okuhlukene, kukhona (kusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu): I-Arctic Circle (66° 32' 30» N), Tropic of Cancer (23° 27' N), Equator (0°), Tropic of Cancer. (23 ° 27' S) kanye ne-Antarctic Circle (66° 33' S), Umhlaba uhlukaniswe ngezindawo zezinkanyezi ezinesimo sezulu noma sejografi, okuyilezi: izindawo ezishisayo, izindawo ezipholile ezimbili kanye nezindawo ezimbili ezinogwadule noma ezimaphakathi. Ngayinye inezimo zezulu ezifanayo ngenxa yendawo yayo ye-latitudinal.
- Isistimu yokuhlanganisa yomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-geolocation njenge-GPS (Global Positioning System, "Global Positioning System").
Njengoba sibonile esimweni esidlule, igridi ivela enhlanganisela yama-meridians (ama-longitudes) nama-latitudes (ama-latitudes). Uhlelo lokudidiyela indawo luqukethe ukumelwa kwevelu yendawo ukusuka kurekhodi layo lezinombolo le-latitude kanye ne-longitude ku-sexagesimal.
Isibonelo, izixhumanisi zendawo zaseMoscow ziyi-55° 45' 8" N (okungukuthi, i-latitude yayo enyakatho nenkabazwe iphakathi kokufana kwama-55 no-56) kanye no-37° 36' 56" E (okungukuthi, ubude bayo) etholakala phakathi kokufana kuka-37 no-38 phakathi kwama-warps). Namuhla, izindlela zokubeka isathelayithi ezifana ne-GPS zisebenza nohlelo.
IGreenwich Meridian
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokwazi iGreenwich Meridian ukuya eLondon, owazalelwa eRoyal Greenwich Observatory, eningizimu yenhloko-dolobha yaseBrithani. Le ndawo yaziwa kancane, kodwa iyindawo ekahle yeholide yohambo oluya eLondon ngezinsuku ezi-3. IRoyal Greenwich Observatory iyindawo eyinkomba yokuqonda ukuthi iGreenwich Meridian ivela nini futhi kungani.
IRoyal Greenwich Observatory ibambe umbukiso ngokubaluleka kwesikhathi, ukuthi i-meridian yaklanywa kanjani, kanye nezivumelwano ezalandela zamazwe emhlabeni wonke zokubeka uhlelo lwezikhathi ngalo. Futhi, kusukela e-promontory lapho kutholakala khona i-Observatory, ungabona umbono ongajwayelekile weLondon (inqobo nje uma kunosuku olubalele).
I-Greenwich meridian isetshenziselwa ukumaka isikhathi esijwayelekile esijwayelekile. Lona umhlangano, futhi kwavunyelwana ngawo eGreenwich, ngoba eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba eyaba ngo-1884, kwanqunywa ukuthi kube umsuka we-zero meridian. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMbuso WaseBrithani wawusenkathini yawo enkulu yokwanda, futhi kwakudingeka wenze kanjalo. Uma umbuso wangaleso sikhathi wawuhlukile, namuhla singasho indawo ehlukile, njenge-zero meridian. Kusukela ku-Greenwich meridian, indawo yesikhathi esebenza ezweni ngalinye nesifunda imisiwe.
Isimo emazweni ase-Europe siyamangaza ngoba kunezikhathi ezimbalwa ezwenikazi laseYurophu, kodwa ngokomyalelo 2000/84, amazwe akha i-European Union anquma ukugcina isikhathi esifanayo kuzo zonke izindawo ukuze akhuthaze imisebenzi yezombangazwe neyezentengiselwano. . Leli siko lisetshenziswe emazweni amaningi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho isetshenziswa njengendlela yokonga uphethiloli. Kodwa iGreenwich meridian ihlale isetshenziswa njengereferensi.
Ukushintshwa kwesikhathi ebusika kwenzeka ngeSonto lokugcina ngo-Okthoba futhi kufaka phakathi ukuhambisa iwashi phambili ngehora elilodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ushintsho lwesikhathi ehlobo lwenzeka ngeSonto lokugcina ngoMashi, okusho ukuhambisa iwashi phambili ngehora elilodwa.
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo iGreenwich meridian yiLondon. Njengoba sike sasho ekuqaleni, le meridian ixhuma iNyakatho neNingizimu Poles, ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganisa amazwe amaningi kanye namaphuzu amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iGreenwich meridian idlula edolobheni laseSpain iCastello de la Plana. Olunye uphawu lokudlula kweMeridian lutholakala kumakhilomitha angama-82.500 omgwaqo we-AP-2 eHuesca.
Kepha, empeleni, iMeridiano idabula cishe yonke impumalanga yeSpain, kusukela ekungeneni kwayo ePyrenees kuya ekuphumeni kwayo ngesihlungi se-El Serrallo eCastellón de la Plana.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nama-meridians nezici zawo.