La amaminerali yisayensi etholakala kwi-geology egxile ekutadisheni nasekufanisweni kwamaminerali. I-amaminerali ayilutho ngaphandle kokuqina okufana nokwakheka okucacile kwamakhemikhali okungalungisiwe. Futhi inesakhiwo se-athomu esihlelekile futhi ngokuvamile sakhiwe ngezinqubo zemvelo ezingaphili.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izifundo ze-mineralogy nokubaluleka kwayo ezingeni lesayensi.
Amaminerali
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kube nezigaba ezahlukahlukene zamaminerali kepha kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX lapho ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kube yisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Amaminerali ahlukaniswa ngokwendiza noma ngamaqembu e-anionic ahamba phambili ekwakheni kwawo amakhemikhali. Ngale ndlela, asitholi amakilasi achaziwe wamaminerali anezici ezifanayo ngokufanayo. Isibonelo, esinye sezici ezingafana neqembu elilodwa noma amaningi amaminerali iqiniso lokuthi zenzeka ngohlobo olufanayo lwamadiphozithi.
Amakilasi amakhulu abonwa ku-mineralogy yilawa:
- Izakhi zomdabu
- Ama-sulfide nama-sulfosalts
- Ama-oxide nama-hydroxide
- Ama-Halides
- Amakhabhoni
- AmaNitrate
- Sulfates
- Izinsimbi
- I-Borates
- Phosphates
Kwezimbiwa phansi, ukuqashelwa kwamaminerali kusetshenzwa kakhulu. Lokhu kuqashelwa kwamaminerali kwenziwa ku-visu. Imayelana nokwazi amaminerali kusampula yesandla. Kuyithuluzi eliwusizo impela emsebenzini wasensimini wesazi sokuma komhlaba, ngoba ivumela ukulinganiselwa kokuqala kohlobo lwezinto zokwakheka komhlaba okubonwayo. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi itshe lakhiwa iqembu lezimbiwa phansi.
I-Mineralogy esetshenzisiwe
Izinto ezidingekayo ezisetshenziselwa i-mineralogy ye-visu ukuhlonza amaminerali ingilazi yokukhulisa, insingo encane yensimbi noma ifayili, uzibuthe nomhlahlandlela wamaminerali. Izici zamaminerali yilezo ezingabonwa ngokubheka okulula noma ngokuhlolwa okulula.
Into yokuqala oyibukayo ngamaminerali ukuma kwawo. Siyabona ukuthuthukiswa kobuso be-crystallographic of a mineral. Uma sibona amaminerali acwebe kahle siyabona ukuthi isimo sawo sangaphandle sibonakala ngohlu lobuso obakha i-polyhedron ethile. Ngokuya ngalolu hlobo lwe-polyhedron nobuso bobuso, singakhetha izinhlobo zamaminerali esizoba nazo. Lo ngumbandela obaluleke kakhulu ekukhombeni kwakho. Ake sinikeze isibonelo: lapho sibona i-pyrite ne galena singabona ama-prism ngesisekelo esinamacala ayisithupha ku-aragonite, i-rhombohedra ku-calcite, njll. Kodwa-ke, kujwayelekile ukuthi amaminerali awakwazi ukwakha ubuso obuhle ngenxa yezimo zawo ezikhulayo. Kulezi zimo amakristalu abizwa ngama-allotriomorphs.
Into yesibili ehlaziywa ku-visu mineralogy umkhuba. Kungukuthuthuka okuhlobene kwesethi yobuso bekristalu. Lokhu kusebenza kuwo womabili amakristalu, ama-crystal aggregates. Usizo lomkhuba othile noma olunye luxhomeke ngokuphelele ezimeni zokukhula kwamaminerali. Uma sinemaminerali eyakhe ngokushesha okupholile, njengoba kungenzeka ngamatshe entaba-mlilo, singabona amakristalu akhiwe ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sinamadwala ukupholisa kwawo obekuqhubeka kakhulu, singathola ama-aggregate amancane amancane.
Okuguqukayo ku-mineralogy
Color
Umbala wamaminerali ungahluka kakhulu. Isizathu sokuba nombala owodwa noma omunye kungaba ngezizathu ezihlukile, noma kunjalo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto ezithile ezibizwa ngama-chromophores afana ne-iron, i-chromium, i-cobalt, ithusi, njll Ingenye yezinto eziguqukayo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho kunqunywa uhlobo lwamaminerali. Imibala ehlukene isetshenziswa ku-mineralogy ukuthola lawa amaminerali.
Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi ezikhathini eziningi okukhona kwamaminerali kuguqulwa ngokuba khona kokungcola okuthile futhi akuvezi umbala wokuqala.
I-Raya
Umugqa uguquguqukayo ofundwa ngokungathi umbala wombala. Kubhekiswa kumbala othathwa yiminerali lapho iphulwe. Ukuzimisela kwe-streak kwenziwa ngokuklwebheka ngamaminerali kupuleti le-porcelain engavunyiwe. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe, umbala walowo layini uyabonwa. Imivimbo enemibala echaziwe futhi ishubile iyoba yinto ejwayelekile yamaminerali ensimbi afana nama-sulfide.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaminerali angenasici afana ne-silicates noma ama-carbonates azohlala enolayini omhlophe noma okhanyayo kakhulu.
Shanela
Isicwebezelisi ukubonakala kobuso bamaminerali lapho ukukhanya kuwela kuwo. Lesi sicwebezelisi singaba yinsimbi, insimbi encane kanye nensimbi. Ubukhazikhazi bensimbi buvame kakhulu kumaminerali angama-opaque futhi anenkomba yokubuyisa engaphansi kuka-3. Isibonelo sine-pyrite, i-galena, igolide noma isiliva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinobukhazikhazi obungebona obensimbi obujwayelekile kakhulu bamaminerali asobala anenkomba yokubuyisa engaphansi kuka-2.6.
Lapha singabona izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokukhanya: i-diamond luster, vitreous, resinous luster, luster oily, pearlescent luster, silky, njll.
Isisindo esithile
Amandla adonsela phansi athile nawo angalinganiswa njengobuningi bezinto zamaminerali futhi ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwesisindo nesisindo sevolumu elingana namanzi ama-4 degrees. Ukuqonda lokhu sizonikeza isibonelo. Uma isiphuzo ekudonseni kwamandla adonsela phansi esilingana no-2 singasho ukuthi isampula enikeziwe yamaminerali eshiwoyo ilinganisa kabili ukuthi umthamo olinganayo wamanzi ubungaba yini
Lesi sisindo esithile sinqunywa ngokwakhiwa futhi sihlala njalo. Ngakho-ke, iba ukuguquguquka okusebenziseka kakhulu kokuhlonza. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi i-mineralogy, ekuboneni i-visu, ukunqunywa kwamandla adonsela phansi amaminerali akwenziwa, kepha kungenzeka ukwenza isilinganiso sobukhulu bayo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-mineralogy.