Umuntu ubelokhu enenhloso yokwazi ngale kwalokho okukhona emhlabeni wethu. Ukuze ukwazi ukuphenya konke lokhu mathupha, kukhona amakhredethi esikhala. Kuwumshini ohamba emoyeni ngesivinini esikhulu futhi osetshenziswa kakhulu njengesikhali. Nokho, iphinde isebenzele ukuhlola indawo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana namarokhethi asemkhathini nokuthi asebenza kanjani.
Ayini amarokhethi asemkhathini
Lawa marokhethi ngokuvamile anenjini ye-jet (ebizwa ngokuthi injini yerokhethi) eyenza ukunyakaza ngokukhipha igesi egumbini elivuthayo. Zingaphinde ziqhutshwe ukushiswa kwe-propellant ku-tube yokuqalisa.
Amarokhethi nawo awuhlobo lomshini, ngenxa yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ingakhiqiza amandla e-kinetic adingekayo ukuze kwandiswe ingxenye yegesi ephuma ngeshubhu. Yingakho benama-jet propulsion. Imikhumbi-mkhathi esebenzisa lolu hlobo lokuzulazula ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi amarokhethi.
Ngosizo lwamarokhethi, ama-probe okwenziwa, amasathelayithi ngisho nosomkhathi bangathunyelwa emkhathini. Ngalo mqondo, asinakukhohlwa ukuba khona kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amarokhethi asemkhathini. Iwumshini ofakwe injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ekhiqiza amandla e-kinetic ukuze kwandiswe igesi ye-jet propulsion.
Izinhlobo zamarokhethi asemkhathini
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamarokhethi asemkhathini, ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo yilezi:
- Uma sicabangela inani lezigaba, sizothola amarokhethi esigaba esisodwa, ebizwa nangokuthi amarokhethi e-monolithic, namarokhethi e-multiphase. Njengoba igama lisho, kunezigaba eziningana ezenzeka ngokulandelana.
- Uma sicabangela uhlobo lukaphethiloli, sizothola amarokhethi ka uphethiloli oqinile, lapho i-oxidant ne-propellant kuhlanganiswa esimweni esiqinile ekamelweni elivuthayo, namarokhethi kaphethiloli awuketshezi. Lesi sakamuva sibonakala ngokuthi i-oxidant kanye ne-propellant kugcinwa ngaphandle kwekamelo.
Kuwo wonke umlando, kube namarokhethi abalulekile ngoba athumela abantu emkhathini ngempumelelo. Sibhekisela kokulandelayo:
- I-Vostok-K 8K72K, leli rocket lokuqala elinomuntu. Yakhiqizwa eRussia futhi yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza u-Yuri Gagarin umuntu wokuqala ukufinyelela emkhathini.
- I-Atlas LV-3B. Yenza u-John Glenn abe irokhethi lokuqala laseMelika ukufika ku-Earth orbit.
- ISaturn V, irokhethi elathatha uNeil Armstrong, uMichael Collins noBuzz Aldrin baya enyangeni.
I-pyrotechnic element ene-powder tube ibizwa nangokuthi i-rocket. Kukhona intambo ngaphansi kwesilinda: uma ikhanyisiwe, iyashisa futhi iqede igesi, okubangela ukuthi i-rocket ikhuphuke ngesivinini esisheshayo kuze kube yilapho iqhuma emoyeni futhi yenza umsindo omkhulu.
Zisebenza kanjani
Nakuba isimiso sokusebenza kwamarokhethi asemkhathini siyinkimbinkimbi, isimiso Kuyafana naleyo yamarokhethi okuqala esibhamu esiwaziyo kusukela ngo-1232. Ivele kwamanye amarekhodi okuvikela inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe saseHenan ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kamuva amarokhethi alethwa eYurophu ngama-Arabhu ekhulwini le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kodwa asetshenziswa njengezibhamu kulo lonke izwekazi aze ashabalala ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Amarokhethi omkhathi ngokuyisisekelo alandela umthetho wesithathu kaNewton, isimiso sesenzo nokusabela. Ngokuyisisekelo, basebenzisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ukuze bakhiqize amandla e-kinetic adingekayo ukuze kwandiswe igesi.
Umphumela wokushiswa kwamakhemikhali unamandla kakhulu futhi uzophusha umoya phansi ngamandla amakhulu, njengoba kushiwo umthetho wesithathu kaNewton: amandla ngamunye ahambisana namanye amandla anobukhulu obulinganayo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngamanye amazwi, umoya uphusha i-rocket ngamandla afanayo namandla abheke phansi asetshenziswa igesi. Lapho igesi ixoshwa, amandla akhiqizwa yile nqubo abangela ukusabela hhayi nje ukuphakamisa i-rocket, kodwa futhi ukuyivumela ukuba ifinyelele isivinini esikhulu kakhulu.
Amarokhethi kaphethiloli owuketshezi
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamarokhethi aphehlwa uketshezi kwaqala ngawo-1920. Irokhethi yokuqala ephehlwa uketshezi yakhiqizwa nguGoddard futhi yethulwa ngo-1926 eduze kwase-Auburn, eMassachusetts. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, irokhethi lokuqala laseJalimane eliphehlwa uketshezi nalo lakhiwa ngohlelo lwangasese. Ekupheleni kuka-1932, iSoviet Union yavula imicibisholo yayo yokuqala.
Irokhethi yokuqala eyimpumelelo enkulu ephehlwa uketshezi kwakuyi-V-2 yokuhlola yaseJalimane, eyaklanywa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukachwepheshe we-rocket u-Wernher von Braun. I-V-2 yethulwa okokuqala isuka kusizinda socwaningo sasePeenemünde esiqhingini sase-Usedom ngo-Okthoba 3, 1942. Esizukulwaneni sokuqala samarokhethi aphehlwa uketshezi, ithiphu ingxenye ethwala inkokhiso, okungaba i-warhead noma ithuluzi lesayensi.
Ingxenye eseduze kwekhanda ngokuvamile iqukethe izinsiza zokuqondisa, ezifana nama-gyroscopes noma ama-gyrocompass, izinzwa zokusheshisa, noma amakhompyutha. Ngezansi kunamathangi amabili amakhulu: elilodwa liqukethe uphethiloli kanti elinye liqukethe i-oxidant. Uma usayizi we-rocket ungemkhulu kakhulu, zombili izingxenye zingaqondiswa enjini ngokucindezela ithangi layo likaphethiloli ngegesi encane engasebenzi.
Kumarokhethi amakhulu, le ndlela ayisebenzi ngoba ithangi lizoba nesisindo esibi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kumarokhethi amakhulu aphehlwa uketshezi, ukucindezela kutholakala ngepompo etholakala phakathi kwethangi likaphethiloli kanye ne-rocket motor. Njengoba inani likaphethiloli okufanele liphonswe likhulu kakhulu (ngisho noma i-V-2 ishisa i-127 kg kaphethiloli ngomzuzwana), iphampu edingekayo iyi-centrifuge enamandla kakhulu eqhutshwa yi-turbine yegesi.
Umshini ohlanganisa i-turbine kanye nophethiloli wayo, iphampu, injini, nazo zonke izisetshenziswa ezihambisanayo zakha injini yerokhethi eliwuketshezi. Ngokufika kobhanoyi lwasemkhathini olunomuntu, inani elikhokhelwayo selishintshile futhi kuye kwavela inani lamarokhethi, njengeMercury, Gemini, ne-Apollo. Ekugcineni, nge-shuttle yasemkhathini, irokhethi eliphehlwa uketshezi kanye nempahla yalo kuhlanganiswe kube iyunithi eyodwa.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namarokhethi asemkhathini nezici zawo.